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Magnoliopsida
Ulmus
EOL Text
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:152
Specimens with Sequences:223
Specimens with Barcodes:142
Species:20
Species With Barcodes:20
Public Records:55
Public Species:15
Public BINs:0
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus in the plant family Ulmaceae. The genus first appeared in the Miocene geological period about 20 million years ago, originating in what is now central Asia.[1] These trees flourished and spread over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North America and Eurasia, ranging southward across the Equator into Indonesia.
Elms are components of many kinds of natural forests. Moreover, during the 19th and early 20th centuries many species and cultivars were also planted as ornamental street, garden, and park trees in Europe, North America, and parts of the Southern Hemisphere, notably Australasia. Some individual elms reached great size and age. However, in recent decades, most mature elms of European or North American origin have died from Dutch elm disease, caused by a microfungus dispersed by bark beetles. In response, disease-resistant cultivars have been developed, capable of restoring the elm to forestry and landscaping.
Contents
- 1 Taxonomy
- 2 Description
- 3 Pests and diseases
- 4 Uses of elms in landscaping
- 5 Other uses of elms
- 6 Genetic resource conservation
- 7 Notable elm trees
- 8 The elm in art
- 9 The elm in mythology and literature
- 10 The elm in politics
- 11 The propagation of elms
- 12 Organisms associated with elm
- 13 See also
- 14 References
- 15 Monographs
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
There are about 30 to 40 species of Ulmus (elm); the ambiguity in number results from difficulty in delineating species, owing to the ease of hybridization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the field elm (Ulmus minor) group. Rackham[2] describes Ulmus as the most difficult critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that 'species and varieties are a distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation'. Eight species are endemic to North America, and a smaller number to Europe;[3] the greatest diversity is found in Asia.[4]
The classification adopted in the List of elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids is largely based on that established by Brummitt.[5] A large number of synonyms have accumulated over the last three centuries; their currently accepted names can be found in the list List of elm Synonyms and Accepted Names.
Botanists who study elms and argue over elm identification and classification are called pteleologists, from the Greek πτελέα (:elm).[6]
Etymology[edit]
The name Ulmus is the classical name for these trees, with the English name "elm" and many other European names derived from it.[7]
Description[edit]
The genus is hermaphroditic, having apetalous perfect flowers which are wind-pollinated. Elm leaves are alternate, with simple, single- or, most commonly, doubly serrate margins, usually asymmetric at the base and acuminate at the apex. The fruit is a round wind-dispersed samara flushed with chlorophyll, facilitating photosynthesis before the leaves emerge.[8] All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and pH levels but, with few exceptions, demand good drainage.
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'Sapporo Autumn Gold', Antella, Florence
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U. americana, Dufferin St., Toronto, c. 1914
Pests and diseases[edit]
Dutch elm disease[edit]
Dutch elm disease (DED) devastated elms throughout Europe and much of North America in the second half of the 20th century. It derives its name 'Dutch' from the first description of the disease and its cause in the 1920s by the Dutch botanists Bea Schwarz and Christina Johanna Buisman. Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia has so far remained unaffected by Dutch Elm Disease, as have the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia in western Canada.
DED is caused by a micro-fungus transmitted by two species of Scolytus elm-bark beetle which act as vectors. The disease affects all species of elm native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have evolved anti-fungal genes and are resistant. Fungal spores, introduced into wounds in the tree caused by the beetles, invade the xylem or vascular system. The tree responds by producing tyloses, effectively blocking the flow from roots to leaves. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root-grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. In France, inoculation with the fungus of over three hundred clones of the European species failed to find a single variety possessed of any significant resistance.
The first, less aggressive strain of the disease fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi, arrived in Europe from the Far East in 1910, and was accidentally introduced to North America in 1928, but was steadily weakened by viruses and had all but disappeared in Europe by the 1940s. The second, far more virulent strain of the disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was identified in Europe in the late 1960s, and within a decade had killed over 20 million trees (approximately 75%) in the UK alone. Approximately three times more deadly, the new strain arrived in Europe from the USA; the hypothesis that it arose from a hybrid between the original O. ulmi and another strain endemic to the Himalaya, Ophiostoma himal-ulmi is now discredited.[9]
There is no sign of the current pandemic waning, and no evidence of a susceptibility of the fungus to a disease of its own caused by d-factors: naturally occurring virus-like agents that severely debilitated the original O. ulmi and reduced its sporulation.[10]
Elm phloem necrosis[edit]
Elm phloem necrosis (elm yellows) is a disease of elm trees that is spread by leafhoppers or by root grafts.[11] This very aggressive disease, with no known cure, occurs in the Eastern United States, southern Ontario in Canada, and Europe. It is caused by phytoplasmas which infect the phloem (inner bark) of the tree.[12] Infection and death of the phloem effectively girdles the tree and stops the flow of water and nutrients. The disease affects both wild-growing and cultivated trees. Occasionally, cutting the infected tree before the disease completely establishes itself and cleanup and prompt disposal of infected matter has resulted in the plant's survival via stump-sprouts.
Insects[edit]
Most serious of the elm pests is the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, which can decimate foliage, although rarely with fatal results. The beetle was accidentally introduced to North America from Europe. Another unwelcome immigrant to North America is the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. In both instances the beetles cause far more damage in North America owing to the absence of the predators present in their native lands. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as foodplants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down.[13][14]
Birds[edit]
Sapsucker woodpeckers have a great love of young elm trees.
Development of trees resistant to Dutch elm disease[edit]
Efforts to develop resistant cultivars began in the Netherlands in 1928 and continued, uninterrupted by World War II, until 1992.[15] Similar programmes were initiated in North America (1937), Italy (1978), and Spain (1990s). Research has followed two paths:
Species and species cultivars[edit]
In North America, careful selection has produced a number of trees resistant not only to disease, but also to the droughts and extremely cold winters afflicting the continent. Research in the USA has concentrated on the American Elm U. americana, resulting in the release of highly resistant clones, notably the cultivars 'Valley Forge' and 'Jefferson'. Much work has also been done into the selection of disease-resistant Asiatic species and cultivars.[16][17]
In Europe, the European White Elm Ulmus laevis has received much attention. Whilst this elm has little innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, it is not favoured by the vector bark beetles and thus only becomes colonized and infected when there are no other choices, a rare situation in western Europe. Research in Spain has suggested that it may be the presence of a triterpene, alnulin, which makes the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease.[18] However this possibility has not been conclusively proven.[19] More recently, Field Elms Ulmus minor highly resistant to DED have been discovered in Spain, and form the basis of a major breeding programme.[20]
Hybrid cultivars[edit]
Owing to their innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, Asiatic species have been crossed with European species, or with other Asiatic elms, to produce trees which are both highly resistant to disease and tolerant of native climates. After a number of false dawns in the 1970s, this approach has produced a range of reliable hybrid cultivars now commercially available in North America and Europe.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
However, some of these cultivars, notably those with the Siberian Elm U. pumila in their ancestry, lack the forms for which the iconic American Elm and English Elm were prized. Moreover, several exported to northwestern Europe have proven unsuited to the maritime climate conditions there, notably because of their intolerance of anoxic conditions resulting from ponding on poorly drained soils in winter. Dutch hybridizations invariably included the Himalayan Elm U. wallichiana as a source of anti-fungal genes and have proven more tolerant of wet ground; they should also ultimately reach a greater size. However, the susceptibility of the cultivar 'Lobel', used as a control in Italian trials, to elm yellows has now (2014) raised a question mark over all the Dutch clones. [27]
A number of highly resistant Ulmus cultivars has been released since 2000 by the Institute of Plant Protection in Florence, most commonly featuring crosses of the Dutch cultivar 'Plantijn' with the Siberian Elm to produce resistant trees better adapted to the Mediterranean climate. [22]
Cautions regarding novel cultivars[edit]
Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these disease-resistant cultivars is relatively recent, their long-term performance and ultimate size and form cannot be predicted with certainty. The National Elm Trial in North America, begun in 2005, is a nationwide trial to assess strengths and weaknesses of the 19 leading cultivars raised in the USA over a ten-year period; European cultivars have been excluded. Meanwhile, in Europe, American and European cultivars are being assessed in field trials started in 2000 by the UK charity Butterfly Conservation.[28]
Uses of elms in landscaping[edit]
One of the earliest of ornamental elms was the ball-headed graft narvan elm, Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera', cultivated from time immemorial in Persia as a shade tree and widely planted in cities through much of south-west and central Asia. From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms, whether species, hybrids or cultivars, were among the most widely planted ornamental trees in both Europe and North America. They were particularly popular as a street tree in avenue plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects. Their quick growth and variety of foliage and forms,[29] their tolerance of air-pollution and the comparatively rapid decomposition of their leaf-litter in the fall were further advantages. In North America, the species most commonly planted was the American elm (Ulmus americana), which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use: rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of climates and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal pruning. In Europe, the wych elm (Ulmus glabra) and the Field Elm (Ulmus minor) were the most widely planted in the countryside, the former in northern areas including Scandinavia and northern Britain, the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, Dutch elm (U. × hollandica), occurs naturally and was also commonly planted. In much of England, it was the English Elm which later came to dominate the horticultural landscape. Most commonly planted in hedgerows, it sometimes occurred in densities of over 1000 per square kilometre. In south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, large numbers of English and Dutch elms, as well as other species and cultivars, were planted as ornamentals following their introduction in the 19th century, while in northern Japan Japanese Elm (Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) was widely planted as a street tree. From about 1850 to 1920, the most prized small ornamental elm in parks and gardens was the Camperdown elm (Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii'), a contorted weeping cultivar of the Wych Elm grafted on to a non-weeping elm trunk to give a wide, spreading and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces.
In northern Europe elms were, moreover, among the few trees tolerant of saline deposits from sea spray, which can cause "salt-burning" and die-back. This tolerance made elms reliable both as shelterbelt trees exposed to sea wind, in particular along the coastlines of southern and western Britain[30][31] and in the Low Countries, and as trees for coastal towns and cities.[32]
This belle époque lasted until the First World War, when as a consequence of hostilities, notably in Germany whence at least 40 cultivars originated, and of the outbreak at about the same time of the early strain of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi, the elm began its slide into horticultural decline. The devastation caused by the Second World War, and the demise in 1944 of the huge Späth nursery in Berlin, only accelerated the process. The outbreak of the new, three times more virulent, strain of Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in the late 1960s brought the tree to its nadir.
Since circa 1990 the elm has enjoyed a renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe of cultivars highly resistant to the new disease.[8] Consequently, the total number of named cultivars, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although many of the older clones, possibly over 120, have been lost to cultivation. Some of the latter, however, were by today's standards inadequately described or illustrated before the pandemic, and it is possible that a number survive, or have regenerated, unrecognised. Enthusiasm for the newer clones often remains low owing to the poor performance of earlier, supposedly disease-resistant Dutch trees released in the 1960s and 1970s. In the Netherlands, sales of elm cultivars slumped from over 56,000 in 1989 to just 6,800 in 2004,[33] whilst in the UK, only four of the new American and European releases were commercially available in 2008.
Other uses of elms[edit]
Wood[edit]
Elm wood was valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wagon wheel hubs, chair seats and coffins. The bodies of Japanese Taiko drums are often cut from the wood of old elm trees, as the wood's resistance to splitting is highly desired for nailing the skins to them, and a set of three or more is often cut from the same tree. The elm's wood bends well and distorts easily making it quite pliant. The often long, straight, trunks were favoured as a source of timber for keels in ship construction. Elm is also prized by bowyers; of the ancient bows found in Europe, a large portion of them are elm. During the Middle Ages elm was also used to make longbows if yew was unavailable.
The first written references to elm occur in the Linear B lists of military equipment at Knossos in the Mycenaean Period. Several of the chariots are of elm (« πτε-ρε-ϝα », pte-re-wa), and the lists twice mention wheels of elmwood.[34]Hesiod says that ploughs in Ancient Greece were also made partly of elm.[35]
The density of elm wood varies between species, but averages around 560 kg per cubic metre.[36]
Elm wood is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe. Elm was also used as piers in the construction of the original London Bridge. However this resistance to decay in water does not extend to ground contact.[36]
Viticulture[edit]
The Romans, and more recently the Italians, used to plant elms in vineyards as supports for vines. Lopped at three metres, the elms' quick growth, twiggy lateral branches, light shade and root-suckering made them ideal trees for this purpose. The lopped branches were used for fodder and firewood.[37]Ovid in his Amores characterizes the elm as "loving the vine": ulmus amat vitem, vitis non deserit ulmum (:the elm loves the vine, the vine does not desert the elm),[38] and the ancients spoke of the "marriage" between elm and vine.[39]
Medicinal products[edit]
The mucilaginous inner bark of the Slippery Elm Ulmus rubra has long been used as a demulcent, and is still produced commercially for this purpose in the United States with approval for sale as a nutritional supplement by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[40]
Fodder[edit]
Elms also have a long history of cultivation for fodder, with the leafy branches cut to feed livestock. The practice continues today in the Himalaya, where it contributes to serious deforestation.[41]
Biomass[edit]
As fossil fuel resources diminish, increasing attention is being paid to trees as sources of energy. In Italy, the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante is (2012) in the process of releasing to commerce very fast-growing elm cultivars, able to increase in height by more than 2 m (6 ft) per annum.[22]
Food[edit]
Elm bark, cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of Norway during the great famine of 1812. The seeds are particularly nutritious, comprising 45% crude protein, and less than 7% fibre by dry mass.[42]
Alternative medicine[edit]
Elm has been listed as one of the 38 substances that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[43] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[44]
Bonsai[edit]
Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia is a popular choice for bonsai owing to its tolerance of severe pruning.
Genetic resource conservation[edit]
In 1997, a European Union elm project was initiated, its aim to coordinate the conservation of all the elm genetic resources of the member states and, among other things, to assess their resistance to Dutch elm disease. Accordingly, over 300 clones were selected and propagated for testing.[45][46][47]
Notable elm trees[edit]
Many elm (Ulmus) trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy.
The elm in art[edit]
Many artists have admired elms for the ease and grace of their branching and foliage, and have painted them with sensitivity. Elms are a recurring element in the landscapes and studies of, for example, John Constable, Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Frederick Childe Hassam, Karel Klinkenberg,[48] and George Inness.
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John Constable, 'The Cornfield' [1826] (Ulmus × hollandica [1])
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Constable, 'Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Garden' [1823 version] (Ulmus × hollandica [1])
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Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, 'Alte Ulmen im Prater' (:Old Elms in Prater) [1831]
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James Duffield Harding, 'The Great Exhibition of 1851' (Ulmus procera, centre)
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Arthur Hughes, 'Home from Sea' [1862] (Ulmus procera [1])
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Ford Madox Brown, 'Work' [1863] (Ulmus procera [1])
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Frederick Childe Hassam, 'Champs Elysées, Paris' [1889] (Ulmus × hollandica, 'orme femelle' [1])
The elm in mythology and literature[edit]
In Greek mythology the nymph Ptelea (Πτελέα, Elm) was one of the eight Hamadryads, nymphs of the forest and daughters of Oxylos and Hamadryas.[49]
The first reference in literature to elms occurs in the Iliad. When Eetion, father of Andromache, is killed by Achilles during the Trojan War, the Mountain Nymphs plant elms on his tomb («περὶ δὲ πτελέoι εφύτεψαν νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες, κoῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχoιo»).[50] Also in the Iliad, when the River Scamander, indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water, overflows and threatens to drown Achilles, the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself («ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην».[51]
The Nymphs also planted elms on the tomb in the Thracian Chersonese of "great-hearted Protesilaus’’ («μεγάθυμου Πρωτεσιλάου»), the first Greek to fall in the Trojan War. These elms grew to be the tallest in the known world; but when their topmost branches saw far off the ruins of Troy, they immediately withered, so great still was the bitterness of the hero buried below, who had been loved by Laodamia and slain by Hector.[52][53][54] The story is the subject of a poem by Antiphilus of Byzantium (1st century A.D.) in the Palatine Anthology:
- Θεσσαλὲ Πρωτεσίλαε, σὲ μὲν πολὺς ᾄσεται αἰών,
- Tρoίᾳ ὀφειλoμένoυ πτώματος ἀρξάμενoν•
- σᾶμα δὲ τοι πτελέῃσι συνηρεφὲς ἀμφικoμεῦση
- Nύμφαι, ἀπεχθoμένης Ἰλίoυ ἀντιπέρας.
- Δένδρα δὲ δυσμήνιτα, καὶ ἤν ποτε τεῖχoς ἴδωσι
- Tρώϊον, αὐαλέην φυλλοχoεῦντι κόμην.
- ὅσσoς ἐν ἡρώεσσι τότ᾽ ἦν χόλoς, oὗ μέρoς ἀκμὴν
- ἐχθρὸν ἐν ἀψύχoις σώζεται ἀκρέμoσιν.[55]
- [:Thessalian Protesilaos, a long age shall sing your praises,
- Of the destined dead at Troy the first;
- Your tomb with thick-foliaged elms they covered,
- The nymphs, across the water from hated Ilion.
- Trees full of anger; and whenever that wall they see,
- Of Troy, the leaves in their upper crown wither and fall.
- So great in the heroes was the bitterness then, some of which still
- Remembers, hostile, in the soulless upper branches.]
Protesilaus had been king of Pteleos (Πτελεός) in Thessaly, which took its name from the abundant elms (πτελέoι) in the region.[56]
Elms occur often in Pastoral Poetry, where they symbolise the idyllic life, their shade being mentioned as a place of special coolness and peace. In the first Idyll of Theocritus, for example, the goat-herd invites the shepherd to sit "here beneath the elm" («δεῦρ’ ὑπὸ τὰν πτελέαν») and sing. Beside elms Theocritus places "the sacred water" («το ἱερὸν ὕδωρ») of the Springs of the Nymphs and the shrines to the nymphs.[57]
Aside from references literal and metaphorical to the elm and vine theme, the tree occurs in Latin literature in the Elm of Dreams in the Aeneid.[58] When the Sibyl of Cumae leads Aeneas down to the Underworld, one of the sights is the Stygian Elm:
- In medio ramos annosaque bracchia pandit
- ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem somnia vulgo
- uana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent.
- [:Spreads in the midst her boughs and agéd arms
- an elm, huge, shadowy, where vain dreams, 'tis said,
- are wont to roost them, under every leaf close-clinging.]
Virgil refers to a Roman superstition (vulgo) that elms were trees of ill-omen because their fruit seemed to be of no value.[59] It has been noted [60] that two elm-motifs have arisen from classical literature: (1) the 'Paradisal Elm' motif, arising from pastoral idylls and the elm-and-vine theme, and (2) the 'Elm and Death' motif, perhaps arising from Homer's commemorative elms and Virgil's Stygian Elm. Many references to elm in European literature from the Renaissance onwards fit into one or other of these categories.
There are two examples of pteleogenesis (:birth from elms) in world myths. In Germanic and Scandinavian mythology the first woman, Embla, was fashioned from an elm,[61] while in Japanese mythology Kamuy Fuchi, the chief goddess of the Ainu people, "was born from an elm impregnated by the Possessor of the Heavens".[62]
The elm occurs frequently in English literature, one of the best known instances being in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, where Titania, Queen of the Fairies, addresses her beloved Nick Bottom using an elm-simile. Here, as often in the elm-and-vine motif, the elm is a masculine symbol:
- Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.
- ... the female Ivy so
- Enrings the barky fingers of the Elm.
- O, how I love thee! how I dote on thee! [63]
Another of the most famous kisses in English literature, that of Paul and Helen at the start of Forster's Howards End, is stolen beneath a great wych elm.
The Elm Tree is also referenced in children's literature. An Elm Tree and Three Sisters is a children's book about three young sisters that plant a small elm tree in their backyard. Throughout the years, the sisters begin to realize that the elm tree becomes an integral part of their lives. The sisters see that the elm tree has been with them through many important milestones through life and they grow old with the tree.
The elm in politics[edit]
The Cutting of the elm was a diplomatic altercation between the Kings of France and England in 1188, during which an elm tree near Gisors in Normandy was felled.
In politics the elm is associated with revolutions. In England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the final victory of parliamentarians over monarchists, and the arrival from Holland, with William & Mary, of the 'Dutch Elm' hybrid, planting of this cultivar became a fashion among enthusiasts of the new political order.[2][65]
In the American Revolution 'The Liberty Tree' was an American white elm in Boston, Massachusetts, in front of which, from 1765, the first resistance meetings were held against British attempts to tax the American colonists without democratic representation. When the British, knowing that the tree was a symbol of rebellion, felled it in 1775, the Americans took to widespread 'Liberty Elm' planting, and sewed elm symbols on to their revolutionary flags.[66][67] Elm-planting by American Presidents later became something of a tradition.
In the French Revolution, too, Les arbres de la liberté (:Liberty Trees), often elms, were planted as symbols of revolutionary hopes - the first in Vienne, Isère, in 1790, by a priest inspired by the Boston elm.[66]L'Orme de La Madeleine (:the Elm of La Madeleine), Faycelles, Département de Lot, planted around 1790 and surviving to this day, was a case in point.[68] By contrast, a famous Parisian elm associated with the Ancien Régime, L’Orme de Saint-Gervais in the Place St-Gervais, was felled by the revolutionaries; church authorities planted a new elm in its place in 1846, and an early 20th-century elm stands on the site today.[69] Premier Lionel Jospin, obliged by tradition to plant a tree in the garden of the Hôtel Matignon, the official residence and workplace of Prime Ministers of France, insisted on planting an elm, so-called 'tree of the Left', choosing the new disease-resistant hybrid 'Clone 762' (Ulmus 'Wanoux' = Vada).[70] In the French Republican Calendar, in use from 1792 to 1806, the 12th day of the month Ventôse (= 2 March) was officially named «jour de l'Orme», Day of the Elm.
Liberty Elms were also planted in other countries in Europe to celebrate their revolutions, an example being L'Olmo di Montepaone, L'Albero della Libertà (:the Elm of Montepaone, Liberty Tree) in Montepaone, Calabria, planted in 1799 to commemorate the founding of the democratic Parthenopean Republic, and surviving till it was brought down by a recent storm (it has since been cloned and 'replanted').[71] And after the Greek Revolution of 1821-32, a thousand young elms were brought to Athens from Missolonghi, "Sacred City of the Struggle" against the Turks and scene of Lord Byron's death, and planted in 1839-40 in the National Garden.[72][73] In Thessaloniki a more recent Libery Elm, «Η Φτελιά της 25ης Μαρτίου» (:The Elm of 25 March), the oldest elm in the city, still stands at the beginning of 25 March Street (Οδός 25ης Μαρτίου), date of the beginning of the 1821 revolution.[74][75] In an ironic development, wild elms have spread and taken over the grounds of the abandoned Greek royal summer palace at Tatoi in Attica.
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Planting a Liberty Tree (un arbre de la liberté) during the French Revolution. Jean-Baptiste Lesueur, 1790
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Balcony with elm symbol, overlooking the 'Crossroads of the Elm', Place Saint-Gervais, Paris [69]
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President George W. Bush and Laura Bush planting a disease-resistant 'Jefferson' Elm before the White House, 2006
The propagation of elms[edit]
Elm propagation methods vary according to elm type and location, and the plantsman’s needs. Native species may be propagated by seed. In their natural setting native species, such as wych elm and European White Elm in central and northern Europe and Field Elm in southern Europe, set viable seed in ‘favourable’ seasons. Optimal conditions occur after a late warm spring.[1] After pollination, seeds of spring-flowering elms ripen and fall at the start of summer (June); they remain viable for only a few days. They are planted in sandy potting-soil at a depth of one centimetre, and germinate in three weeks. Slow-germinating American Elm will remain dormant until the second season.[76] Seeds from autumn-flowering elms ripen in the Fall and germinate in the spring.[76] Since elms may hybridize within and between species, seed-propagation entails a hybridisation risk. In unfavourable seasons elm seeds are usually sterile. Elms outside their natural range, such as Ulmus procera in England, and elms unable to pollinate because pollen-sources are genetically identical, are sterile and are propagated by vegetative reproduction. Vegetative reproduction is also used to produce genetically identical elms (clones). Methods include the winter transplanting of root-suckers; taking hardwood cuttings from vigorous one-year-old shoots in late winter,[77] taking root-cuttings in early spring; taking softwood cuttings in early summer;[78]grafting; layering; and micropropagation. A bottom heat of 18 degrees [79] and humid conditions are maintained for hard- and softwood cuttings. The transplanting of root-suckers remains the easiest and commonest propagation-method for European Field Elm and its hybrids. For 'specimen' urban elms, grafting to wych-elm root-stock may be used to eliminate suckering or to ensure stronger root-growth. The mutant-elm cultivars are usually grafted, the ‘weeping’ elms 'Camperdown' and 'Horizontalis' at 2 – 3 m, the dwarf cultivars 'Nana' and 'Jacqueline Hillier' at ground level. Since the Siberian Elm is drought-tolerant, in dry countries new varieties of elm are often root-grafted on this species.[80]
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Rock elm Ulmus thomasii germinating
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Root cuttings of Ulmus 'Dodoens' (photograph: Mihailo Grbić)
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Mutant variegated Smooth-leafed Elm graft (photograph: Mihailo Grbić)
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Root-suckers spreading from Field Elm Ulmus minor
Organisms associated with elm[edit]
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'Pouch' leaf-galls on a wych elm (aphid Tetraneura ulmi), Germany.
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'Pimple' leaf-galls on a field elm (mite Eriophyes ulmi), Spain.
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White-letter Hairstreak Satyrium w-album, on Lutece, Sweden. The larvae feed only on elm.
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Elm-leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, which causes serious damage to elm foliage.
-
Bacterial infection Erwinia carotovora of elm sap, which causes 'slime flux' ('wetwood') and staining of the trunk (here on a Camperdown Elm).
See also[edit]
- List of Elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars
- List of Elm species and varieties by scientific name
- List of Lepidoptera that feed on elms
- Fab Tree Hab
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Richens, R. H. (1983). Elm. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Rackham, O. (1980). Ancient woodland: its history, vegetation and uses. Edward Arnold, London
- ^ Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London
- ^ Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA.
- ^ Brummitt, R. K. (1992). Vascular Plant Families & Genera. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London, UK.
- ^ Marren, Peter, Woodland Heritage (Newton Abbot, 1990).
- ^ Werthner, William B. (1935). Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. xviii + 398.
- ^ a b Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789050112819
- ^ Brasier, C. M. & Mehotra, M. D. (1995). Ophiostoma himal-ulmi sp. nov., a new species of Dutch elm disease fungus endemic to the Himalayas. Mycological Research 1995, vol. 99 (2), pp. 205–215 (44 ref.) ISSN 0953-7562. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
- ^ Brasier, C. M. (1996). New horizons in Dutch elm disease control. Pages 20-28 in: Report on Forest Research, 1996. Forestry Commission. HMSO, London, UK.
- ^ "Elm Yellows". Elmcare.Com. 19 Mar. 2008.
- ^ Price, Terry. "Wilt Diseases". Forestpests.Org. 23 Mar. 2005. 19 Mar. 2008.
- ^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Elm-Insects". Encyclopedia Americana.
- ^ "Elm-Insects". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- ^ Burdekin, D. A. & Rushforth, K. D. (Revised by Webber J. F. 1996). Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease. Arboricultural Research Note 2/96. Arboricultural Advisory and Information Service, Alice Holt, Farnham, UK.
- ^ Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. Journal of Arboriculture, (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA.
- ^ Biggerstaffe, C., Iles, J. K., & Gleason, M. L. (1999). Sustainable urban landscapes: Dutch elm disease and disease-resistant elms. SUL-4, Iowa State University
- ^ Martín-Benito D., Concepción García-Vallejo M., Pajares J. A., López D. 2005. "Triterpenes in elms in Spain". Can. J. For. Res. 35: 199–205 (2005).
- ^ Pajares, J. A., García, S., Díez, J. J., Martín, D. & García-Vallejo, M. C. 2004. "Feeding responses by Scolytus scolytus to twig bark extracts from elms". Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For. 13: 217–225.
- ^ Martin, J. et al. (2013). Seven Iberian Ulmus minor clones resistant to Dutch elm disease registered for their use as forest reproductive material. Proceedings of the 3rd International Elm Conference, Florence, 2013.
- ^ "Scientific Name: Ulmus x species". Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved July 2012.
- ^ a b c Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F., Mittempergher L., Brunetti M., Crivellaro A., Macchioni N., "Elm breeding for DED resistance, the Italian clones and their wood properties". Invest Agrar: Sist. Recur. For (2004) 13 (1), 179–184. 2004.
- ^ Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America. Journal of Arboriculture, 21:3 (May 1995), 121–131. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- ^ Smalley, E. B. & Guries, R. P. (1993). Breeding Elms for Resistance to Dutch Elm Disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology Vol. 31 : 325–354. Palo Alto, California
- ^ Heybroek, H. M. (1983). Resistant Elms for Europe. In Burdekin, D. A. (Ed.) Research on Dutch elm disease in Europe. For. Comm. Bull. 60. pp 108–113
- ^ Heybroek, H. M. (1993). The Dutch Elm Breeding Program. In Sticklen & Sherald (Eds.) (1993). Dutch Elm Disease Research, Chapter 3. Springer Verlag, New York, USA
- ^ a b Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004) The history of elm breeding. Investigacion agraria: Sistemas y recursos forestales 13(1): 161–177 (2004)
- ^ Brookes, A. H. (2013). Disease-resistant elm cultivars, Butterfly Conservation trials report, 2nd revision, 2013. Butterfly Conservation, Hants & IoW Branch, England. [1]
- ^ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108069380
- ^ Edlin, H. L., Guide to Tree Planting and Cultivation (London, 1970), p.330, p.316
- ^ 'Salt-tolerant landscape plants', countyofdane.com/myfairlakes/A3877.pdf
- ^ dutchtrig.com/the_netherlands/the_hague.html
- ^ Hiemstra et al., (2005). Belang en toekomst van de iep in Nederland. Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving, Wageningen UR
- ^ Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, Documents in Mycaenean Greek, Cambridge 1959
- ^ Hesiod, Works and Days, 435
- ^ a b Elm. Niche Timbers. Accessed 19-08-2009.
- ^ Columella, De Re Rustica
- ^ Ovid, Amores 2.16.41
- ^ Virgil, Georgica, I.2: ulmis adiungere vites (:to marry vines to elms); Horace, Epistolae 1.16.3: amicta vitibus ulmo (:the elm clothed in the vine); and Catullus, Carmina, 62
- ^ Braun, Lesley; Cohen, Marc (2006). Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-Based Guide (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-7295-3796-4. , quote:"Although Slippery Elm has not been scientifically investigated, the FDA has approved it as a safe demulcent substance."
- ^ Maunder, M. (1988). Plants in Peril, 3. Ulmus wallichiana (Ulmaceae). Kew Magazine. 5(3): 137-140. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London.
- ^ Osborne, P. (1983). The influence of Dutch elm disease on bird population trends. Bird Study, 1983: 27-38.
- ^ D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7021-271-3. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ "Flower remedies". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved September 2013.
- ^ Solla, A., Bohnens, J., Collin, E., Diamandis, S., Franke, A., Gil, L., Burón, M., Santini, A., Mittempergher, L., Pinon, J., and Vanden Broeck, A. (2005). Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Forest Science 51(2) 2005. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
- ^ Pinon J., Husson C., Collin E. (2005). Susceptibility of native French elm clones to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Annals of Forest Science 62: 1–8
- ^ Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001) Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study. Min. Agriculture, Bureau des Ressources Genetiques CRGF, INRA-DIC, Paris: 38–39.
- ^ Johannes Christiaan Karel Klinkenberg
- ^ Athenaeus, Δειπνοσοφισταί, III
- ^ Iliad, Ζ, 419–420, www.perseus.tufts.edu
- ^ Iliad, Φ, 242–243, www.perseus.tufts.edu
- ^ Philostratus, ̔Ηρωικός, 3,1 perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0597%3Aolpage%3D672
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Τα μεθ' `Ομηρον, 7.458–462
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 16.88
- ^ Anth. Pal., 7.141
- ^ Lucas, F. L., From Olympus to the Styx (London, 1934)
- ^ Theocritus, Eιδύλλιo I, 19–23; VII, 135–40
- ^ Vergil, Aeneid, VI. 282–5
- ^ Richens, R. H., Elm (Cambridge 1983) p.155
- ^ Richens, R. H., Elm, Ch.10 (Cambridge, 1983)
- ^ Heybroek, H. M., 'Resistant Elms for Europe' (1982) in Research on Dutch Elm Disease in Europe, HMSO, London 1983
- ^ Wilkinson, Gerald, Epitaph for the Elm (London, 1978), p.87
- ^ Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Act 4, Scene 1
- ^ Janssen, Carolyn. "An elm tree and three sisters (Book Review)". ebscohost. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ Armstrong, J. V. & Sell, P. D. (1996). A revision of the British elms (Ulmus L., Ulmaceae): the historical background. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 120: 39-50.
- ^ a b Richens, Elm (Cambridge, 1983)
- ^ elmcare.com/about_elms/history/liberty_elm_boston.htm
- ^ L'Orme de La Madeleine, giuseppemusolino.it
- ^ a b L'Orme de St-Gervais: biographie d'un arbre, www.paris.fr
- ^ Ulmus 'Wanoux' (Vada)) freeimagefinder.com/detail/6945514690.html
- ^ calabriaonline.com
- ^ Ο μοναδικός Εθνικός μας Κήπος, paidevo.gr/teachers/?p=859
- ^ Νίκος Μπελαβίλας, ΜΥΘΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ ΠΑΡΚΟ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ, courses.arch.ntua.gr/fsr/112047/Nikos_Belavilas-Mythoi_kai_Pragmatikotites
- ^ Σωτηρία φτελιάς, με τη συνδρομή των κατοίκων, news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_1_27/05/2010_402389]
- ^ enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=298315
- ^ a b forestry.about.com/od/treeplanting/qt/seed_elm.htm
- ^ http://www.doityourself.com/stry/propagation-root-an-elm-tree-cutting
- ^ cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/pnw0152/pnw0152.html
- ^ resistantelms.co.uk/elms/ulmus-morfeo/
- ^ Clouston, B., Stansfield, K., eds., After the Elm (London, 1979)
Monographs[edit]
- Richens, R. H. (1983). Elm. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24916-3 A scientific, historical and cultural study, with a thesis on elm-classification, followed by a systematic survey of elms in England, region by region. Illustrated.
- Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789050112819. A history of elm planting in the Netherlands, concluding with a 40 - page illustrated review of all the DED - resistant cultivars in commerce in 2009.
Further reading[edit]
- Clouston, B.; Stansfield, K., eds. (1979). After the Elm. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-13900-9 A general introduction, with a history of Dutch elm disease and proposals for re-landscaping in the aftermath of the pandemic. Illustrated.
- Coleman, M., ed. (2009). Wych Elm. Edinburgh. ISBN 978-1-906129-21-7 A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen.
- Dunn, C. P., ed. (New York). The Elms: Breeding, Conservation, and Disease-Management. ISBN 0-7923-7724-9 Check date values in:
|date=
(help) - Wilkinson, G. (1978). Epitaph for the Elm. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-921280-3 A photographic and pictorial celebration and general introduction.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elm&oldid=654654287 |
Foodplant / saprobe
subiculate perithecium of Acanthonitschkea tristis is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 3-5
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Actinocladium anamorph of Actinocladium rhodosporum is saprobic on rotten wood of Ulmus
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Agrocybe cylindracea parasitises branch of Ulmus
Plant / epiphyte
fruitbody of Aleurodiscus aurantius grows on dead stem of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / resting place / on
swarming adult of Amphimallon solstitialis may be found on live canopy of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent perithecium of Amphisphaeria umbrina is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Plant / associate
Anthocoris gallarum-ulmi is associated with aphid-galled leaf of Ulmus
Plant / associate
Anthonomus ulmi is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, immersed pycnidium of Aposphaeria coelomycetous anamorph of Aposphaeria inophila is saprobic on wood of plank of Ulmus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
becoming superficial, gregarious pycnidium of Aposphaeria coelomycetous anamorph of Aposphaeria ulmicola is saprobic on dead wood of plank of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11
Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
synnema of Arthrobotryum anamorph of Arthrobotryum stilboideum is saprobic on bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
clustered Coryne anamorph of Ascocoryne sarcoides is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / spot causer
mainly hypophyllous, scattered, occasionally grouped pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Asteromella bellunensis causes spots on fallen leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Athelopsis lembospora is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
Aulonium trisulcum is associated with under bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Aurantiporus fissilis is saprobic on large, dead, standing trunk of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Auricularia auricula-judae is saprobic on wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Auricularia mesenterica is saprobic on old, dead stump of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered sporodochium of Bactrodesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Bactrodesmium spilomeum is saprobic on wood or bark of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 4-6
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse stroma of Barrmaelia oxyacanthae is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Basidiodendron rimosum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Battarrea phalloides is associated with Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Bertia moriformis var. moriformis is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Bispora dematiaceous anamorph of Bispora antennata is saprobic on chips of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Bisporella sulfurina is saprobic on fallen branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-2
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Bjerkandera fumosa is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered or gregarious, often confluent sporodochium of Bloxamia dematiaceous anamorph of Bloxamia leucophthalma is saprobic on dead branch (wood) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-4
Foodplant / saprobe
Bloxamia anamorph of Bloxamia truncata is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Bolbitius reticulatus is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Botryobasidium ellipsosporum is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / false gall
stromatic pseudothecium of Botryosphaeria obtusa causes swelling of branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Brachyopa insensilis is saprobic on sap run of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Brachyopa scutellaris is saprobic on sap run of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Brachysporium dematiaceous anamorph of Brachysporium nigrum is saprobic on rotten wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Bulgaria inquinans is saprobic on fallen branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Camposporium dematiaceous anamorph of Camposporium cambrense is saprobic on litter of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Camposporium dematiaceous anamorph of Camposporium pellucidum is saprobic on litter of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, sessile apothecium of Catinella olivacea is saprobic on fallen, wet, decorticate log of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 5-11
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceratosebacina longispora is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceriporia purpurea is saprobic on large, decayed, fallen trunk of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceriporia viridans is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceriporiopsis gilvescens is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Ceriporiopsis pannocincta is saprobic on decayed, soft white-rotted wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
Cerylon histeroides is associated with under bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Chaetopsis dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetopsis grisea is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Plant / associate
subiculate perithecium of Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma is associated with fungus infected, fallen branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-4
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Catenularia dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaeria cupulifera is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 12-6
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Catenularia dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaeria innumera is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Menispora dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaeria pulviscula is saprobic on dead, often rotten wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Cladosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Cladosporium britannicum is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitocybe americana is saprobic on large, dead, decayed log of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitocybe truncicola is saprobic on dead, decayed trunk of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitopilus pinsitus is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / open feeder
adult of Clytra laeviuscula grazes on live flower of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 5-8
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Coniochaeta ligniaria is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-4
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed then superficial, gregarious pycnidium of Coniothyrium coelomycetous anamorph of Coniothyrium muciferum is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coriolopsis gallica is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Plant / associate
Corticeus bicolor is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
Hyphelia anamorph of Corticium erikssonii is saprobic on decayed and often sodden wood of Ulmus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Corynespora dematiaceous anamorph of Corynespora proliferata is saprobic on dead bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent through periderm acervulus of Coryneum coelomycetous anamorph of Coryneum compactum is saprobic on dead twig of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 3
Plant / associate
perithecium of Cosmospora purtonii is associated with dead, fungus infected branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 3-7
Plant / associate
superficial, scattered or gregarious perithecium of Cosmospora wegeliniana is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
Cossonus parallelepipedus feeds within dead wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Criorhina floccosa is saprobic on rot hole of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Crustomyces expallens is saprobic on hard, barely decayed, corticate log (large) of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Cryptocoryneum dematiaceous anamorph of Cryptocoryneum condensatum is saprobic on dead bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, in groups of 1 to 10 perithecium of Cryptosporella hypodermia is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 12-5
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Cystolepiota pulverulenta is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, plurilocular stroma of Cytosporina coelomycetous anamorph of Cytosporina ludibunda p.p. (Ulmus form) is saprobic on branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
bracket of Daedaleopsis confragosa is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Daldinia concentrica is saprobic on wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura ulmicola causes gall of leaf of Ulmus
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Dendrothele acerina is associated with living bark (trunk) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / epiphyte
fruitbody of Dendrothele amygdalispora grows on live bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Dendrothele commixta is saprobic on dead, attached twig of Ulmus
Plant / resting place / on
larva of Dendrothrips degeeri may be found on live leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 7-9
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 7-2
Foodplant / saprobe
widely effused stroma of Diatrype stigma is saprobic on dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, crowded pycnidium of Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodia melaena is saprobic on dying branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 3-4
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered or in small groups pycnidium of Aposphaeria coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodiella fibricola is saprobic on wood chip of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 8-11
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, becoming slightly erumpent through small slits pseudothecium of Discosphaerina fagi is saprobic on dead leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 4-5
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Dorcus parallelipipedus feeds within dead or rotten wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
resupinate fruitbody of Eichleriella deglubens is saprobic on fallen branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Elater ferrugineus feeds within wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / pathogen
Elm Mottle virus infects and damages line-patterned or ring-spotted leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, clustered apothecium of Encoelia siparia is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 7-11
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Endoxyla cirrhosa is saprobic on rotten wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: good condition: 4-5
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Entoloma aprile is associated with live Ulmus
Remarks: season: spring
Foodplant / mycorrhiza
fruitbody of Entoloma saundersii is mycorrhizal with live root of Ulmus
Remarks: season: spring
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes brevipunctatus causes gall of leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes campestricola causes gall of leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes filiformis causes gall of leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
Eriosoma patchiae causes gall of leaves (terminal) of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
Eriosoma ulmi causes gall of leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Eulecanium excrescens sucks sap of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Eutypa flavovirens is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Eutypa lata is saprobic on dead twig of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic perithecium of Eutypella scoparia is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-4
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidia nucleata is saprobic on dead, fallen, usually decorticate wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidia thuretiana is saprobic on dead, fallen wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidiopsis calcea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidiopsis effusa is saprobic on dead, decayed, decorticate trunk of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Exidiopsis opalea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / debris feeder
larva of Fannia gotlandica feeds on detritus & litter of hollow of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, clustered in groups of up to 15 pseudothecium of Fenestella vestita is saprobic on dead branch (small) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 2-3
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / miner
larva of Fenusa ulmi mines leaf of Ulmus
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Fibriciellum silvae-ryae is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: mainly winter
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Flaviporus brownei is saprobic on old, dead, fallen log of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Fusidium anamorph of Fusidium griseum is saprobic on dead leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-1
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Ganoderma applanatum parasitises live trunk of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Ganoderma lucidum is saprobic on dead stump of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum berkeleyi is associated with Ulmus
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum coronatum is associated with Ulmus
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum striatum is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
clustered perithecium of Gibberella pulicaris is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-4
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Gloeocystidiellum clavuligerum is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Gloiothele lactescens is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Gloniopsis praelonga is saprobic on dead twig of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Graphium dematiaceous anamorph of Graphium calicioides is saprobic on rotten wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Grifola frondosa parasitises live root of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
just immersed apothecium of Habrostictis rubra is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-8
Foodplant / saprobe
acervulus of Stilbospora coelomycetous anamorph of Hapalocystis bicaudata is saprobic on dead, attached branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 5-6
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hapalopilus nidulans is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
Helicogloea lagerheimii is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helminthosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Helminthosporium velutinum is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Henningsomyces candidus is saprobic on decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hericium cirrhatum is saprobic on fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
Heringia is associated with aphid infested Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Heteroacanthella acanthophysa is saprobic on dead, standing bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hohenbuehelia atrocaerulea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Clathrosphaerina anamorph of Hyaloscypha zalewskii is saprobic on rotting leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Hylastes opacus feeds within cambium of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hymenochaete carpatica is saprobic on dead, attached branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hymenochaete rubiginosa is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Plant / associate
hypogeous fruitbody of Hymenogaster vulgaris is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, short-stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus immutabilis is saprobic on litter of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-12
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia arguta is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia gossypina is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypochnella violacea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypochnicium bombycinum is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypochnicium polonense is saprobic on often sodden, dead, fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypochnicium vellereum is saprobic on dead, attached, decayed bark of Ulmus
Remarks: season: mainly winter
Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Hypoxylon rubiginosum is saprobic on dead bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
widely effused stroma of Hypoxylon rubiginosum agg. is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Hypoxylon vogesiacum is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypsizygus tessulatus is saprobic on dead, fallen trunk (large) of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypsizygus ulmarius is saprobic on dead, standing trunk (large) of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Hysterium angustatum is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 3-5
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Inonotus hispidus is saprobic on dead trunk of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Inonotus radiatus is saprobic on dead, standing trunk of Ulmus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Ischnodes sanguinicollis feeds within wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
larva of Janetiella lemei causes gall of leaf (vein) of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
Kaltenbachiella pallida causes gall of leaf (midrib) of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Kretzschmaria deusta is saprobic on dead stump of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
caespitose fruitbody of Kuehneromyces mutabilis is saprobic on decayed, dead stump (large) of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Lachnum deflexum is saprobic on dead, fallen leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-12
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria canescens is saprobic on rotten wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-6
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria hirsuta is saprobic on old wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-4
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, closely packed in large clusters perithecium of Lasiosphaeria spermoides is saprobic on rotting wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-4
Foodplant / parasite
underground rhizome of Lathraea squamaria parasitises root of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lentinellus vulpinus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lenzites betulinus is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus badhamii is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed litter of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucogyrophana mollusca is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Leucopaxillus rhodoleucus is associated with Ulmus
Plant / resting place / on
female of Liothrips setinodis may be found on live leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Lopadostoma gastrinum is saprobic on dead, fallen, moist for a long time branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Lophiostoma nucula is saprobic on wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 4-7
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Lucanus cervus feeds within dead or rotten wood of esp. stump of Ulmus
Foodplant / miner
larva of Magdalis armigera mines dead branch or twig cambium of Ulmus
Plant / associate
Malacocoris chlorizans is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Mallota cimbiciformis is saprobic on rot hole of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Megalocystidium luridum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Megapenthes lugens feeds within wood of Ulmus
Plant / associate
Melandrya caraboides is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporoschisma dematiaceous anamorph of Melanochaeta aotearoae is saprobic on rotten wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Aposphaeria coelomycetous anamorph of Melanomma fuscidulum is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 3-5
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, often in very large clusters pseudothecium of Melanomma pulvis-pyrius is saprobic on dry, hard, decorticate branch wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, thickly clustered perithecium of Melanopsamma pomiformis is saprobic on wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-4
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Gonytrichum dematiaceous anamorph of Melanopsammella inaequalis is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Meripilus giganteus is saprobic on dead trunk (large) of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Microsebacina microbasidia is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
Mimeura ulmiphila causes gall of young root of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia ligni is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia melaleuca is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-5
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisina rubi is saprobic on leaf-litter of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mucronella calva is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed log of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena clavularis is saprobic on wet, living bark (deeply flanged) of sapling of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena pseudocorticola is saprobic on live bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycoaciella bispora is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, often clustered pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella oedema is saprobic on dead leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 4-5
Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous, immersed pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella punctiformis is saprobic on overwintered, fallen leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 4-5
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella ulmi is saprobic on dead leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
synnema of anamorph of Nectria aurantiaca is saprobic on dead bark of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 8-12
Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Tubercularia anamorph of Nectria cinnabarina is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Nectria coccinea is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Plant / associate
perithecium of Nectria episphaeria is associated with pyrenomycete infection Ulmus
Remarks: season: 3-5
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Nectria mammoidea var. mammoidea is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Nectria peziza is saprobic on dead, often rotten stump of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 8-12
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial perithecium of Nectria pseudopeziza is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-4
Foodplant / saprobe
Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph of Nectria ralfsii is saprobic on dead, cut or fallen branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-1
Foodplant / saprobe
partly immersed, weakly stromatic perithecium of Nemania confluens is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Geniculosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Nemania serpens is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Nematogonum anamorph of Nematogonum ferrugineum is saprobic on dead bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Nematus melanocephalus grazes on leaf of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Nematus umbratus grazes on leaf of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
Nemozoma elongatum is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Nitschkia cupularis is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-4
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Nitschkia grevillei is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-3
Plant / associate
perithecium of Nitschkia parasitans is associated with dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, partly immersed perithecium of Ohleria rugulosa is saprobic on decorticate, dead wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Oncopodiella dematiaceous anamorph of Oncopodiella trigonella is saprobic on rotten wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / pathogen
synnema of Pesotum dematiaceous anamorph of Ophiostoma ulmi infects and damages Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Orbilia comma is saprobic on dead bark (inside and outside) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-3
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Orbilia curvatispora is saprobic on fallen branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Orbilia vinosa is saprobic on wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Orbilia xanthostigma is saprobic on bark of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Plant / associate
Orthotylus prasinus is associated with Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Ossicaulis lignatilis is saprobic on dead, decayed, fallen wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph of Otthia spiraeae is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-4
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Oxyporus corticola is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Oxyporus latemarginatus is saprobic on dead, fallen usually decayed, white rotten trunk (large) of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Oxyporus obducens is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Oxyporus populinus parasitises live wood of Ulmus
Plant / resting place / on
female of Oxythrips ulmiforliorum may be found on Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-10
Foodplant / saprobe
imbricate or clustered fruitbody of Panellus serotinus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed branch (large) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: mainly late 11-2
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Peniophora lilacea is saprobic on dead, attached twig of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Perenniporia fraxinea is saprobic on live trunk (base) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Pezicula cinnamomea is saprobic on wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile to short-stalked, emerging through cracks apothecium of Peziza micropus is saprobic on rotten wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-11
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Peziza repanda is saprobic on log of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-5
Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious apothecium of Pezizella pulcherrima is saprobic on decorticate, dead wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phaeogalera dissimulans is saprobic on fallen, usually decayed twig of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-early 3
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phaeoisaria dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeoisaria clematidis is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 11-4
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phaeomarasmius rimulincola is saprobic on dead, fallen twig of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Phaeostalagmus dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeostalagmus tenuissimus is saprobic on litter of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phaeotrichosphaeria dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeotrichosphaeria britannica is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-4
Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Phalera bucephala grazes on live leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 8-9
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phanerochaete laevis is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phanerochaete magnoliae is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phanerochaete tuberculata is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / resting place / within
larva of Phaonia cincta may be found in exuding sap of Ulmus
Plant / resting place / within
larva of Phaonia exoleta may be found in rotting wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phellinus conchatus parasitises live, old trunk of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phellinus contiguus is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phellinus ferruginosus is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Phialina lachnobrachya is saprobic on dead leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-11
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebia subserialis is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella bourdotii is saprobic on dead, attached twig of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella pseudotsugae is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella tulasnelloidea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
Phloeophagus lignarius feeds within dead, esp hollow wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota aurivella is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Ulmus
Foodplant / feeds on
superficial, clustered pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma glomerata feeds on Ulmus
Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius glaucus feeds on Ulmus
Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius maculicornis feeds on Ulmus
Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius oblongus feeds on Ulmus
Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius pyri feeds on Ulmus
Foodplant / spot causer
few, very small pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta ulmi causes spots on fading leaf of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 7-10
Foodplant / shot hole causer
pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta ulmicola causes shot holes on live leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
larva of Physemocecis ulmi causes gall of leaf of Ulmus
Plant / associate
larva of Pipiza luteitarsis is associated with aphid-curled leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / parasite
Plectophomella coelomycetous anamorph of Plectophomella concentrica parasitises live Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
Plegaderus dissectus feeds within wet, decaying wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pleurothecium dematiaceous anamorph of Pleurothecium recurvatum is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pleurotus cornucopiae is saprobic on dead, decayed trunk (large) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: summer
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pleurotus dryinus is saprobic on live, standing trunk of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pleurotus euosmus is saprobic on dead, decayed trunk (large) of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus aurantiorugosus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus chrysophaeus is saprobic on dead, very decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus hispidulus is saprobic on dead, fallen, moss-covered trunk (large) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus luctuosus is saprobic on decayed stump of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus pellitus is saprobic on dead, decayed trunk of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus phlebophorus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus podospileus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus robertii is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus salicinus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus thomsonii is saprobic on dead, decayed, often part buried wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pluteus umbrosus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
Polydrusus cervinus feeds on Ulmus
Foodplant / feeds on
Polydrusus pterygomalis feeds on Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus brumalis is saprobic on dead, still attached to fallen tree twig of Ulmus
Remarks: season: early winter-early spring
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus ciliatus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: summer
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus durus is saprobic on dead, fallen, very decayed trunk (large) of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus leptocephalus is saprobic on dead, decayed stump (large) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus squamosus is saprobic on dead, decaying wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia balsamea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia subcaesia is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia tephroleuca is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia wakefieldiae is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
Prionychus ater feeds within decaying wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Priophorus laevifrons grazes on leaf of Ulmus
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Priophorus ulmi grazes on leaf of Ulmus
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella frustulenta is saprobic on decayed (very) wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella lutensis is saprobic on dead, decayed (very) wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella populina is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella pseudogordonii is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella rostellata is saprobic on dead, decayed (very) log (large) of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Psathyrella sarcocephala is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Pteleobius vittatus feeds within cambium of Ulmus
Foodplant / sap sucker
Pulvinaria regalis sucks sap of live branch of Ulmus
Plant / associate
Pyrochroa serraticornis is associated with under rotting bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
bark-splitting, pulvinate stroma of Quaternaria dissepta is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 2-5
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramaria decurrens is associated with Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resupinatus applicatus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
subcortical fruitbody of Resupinatus kavinii is saprobic on dead, standing trunk of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Resupinatus trichotis is saprobic on dead, attached branch (small) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Rhodotus palmatus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
Rhopalomesites tardyi feeds on dead wood of Ulmus
Plant / associate
Rhynchaenus alni is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Rigidoporus ulmarius is saprobic on dead, white-rotted stump (large) of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Geniculosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Rosellinia aquila is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 2-5
Plant / associate
Scaphidema metallicum is associated with Ulmus
Foodplant / gall
Schizoneura lanuginosa causes gall of bloated-galled leaf (near branch tip) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: spring
Foodplant / gall
fundatrigenia of Schizoneura ulmi causes gall of bloated-galled leaf (low down on tree) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 5-6
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Scolytus intricatus feeds within cambium of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Scolytus laevis feeds within cambium of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Scolytus mali feeds within cambium of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Scolytus multistriatus feeds within cambium of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Scolytus scolytus feeds within cambium of broad main egg-laying gallery c25mm long, surrounded by radiating fine larval galleries which enlarge as the larva grows of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent acervulus of Seimatosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Seimatosporium macrospermum is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1
Foodplant / saprobe
acervulus of Seiridium coelomycetous anamorph of Seiridium intermedium is saprobic on dead bark (inside and outside) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 8-10
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Serendipita orliensis is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed bark of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Simocybe centunculus var. centunculus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed log (large) of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Sistotrema sernanderi is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Skeletocutis nivea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Skeletocutis vulgaris is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed branch (large) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Spadicoides dematiaceous anamorph of Spadicoides bina is saprobic on dead wood of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Sphegina is saprobic on sap run of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed in bark pseudothecia of Splanchnonema foedans is saprobic on dead twig of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Spongipellis spumeus is saprobic on wood of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium altum is saprobic on bark of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium folliculatum is saprobic on rotten stump of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 3-11
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium leptosporum is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporoschisma dematiaceous anamorph of Sporoschisma juvenile is saprobic on bark of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Stictis radiata is saprobic on dead twig of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / parasite
Stigmina anamorph of Stigmina pulvinata parasitises live Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph of Strossmayeria basitricha is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Stypella crystallina is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Stypella dubia is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Stypella legonii is saprobic on dead, soft, decayed branch of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Stypella subgelatinosa is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Subulicystidium longisporum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous ascoma of Taphrina ulmi causes spots on live leaf (mainly on sucker) of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 8-9
Foodplant / gall
Tetraneura ulmi causes gall of live leaf of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
Cyclotherium coelomycetous anamorph of Thyridaria rubronotata is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 12-3
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / resting place / on
fruitbody of Tomentella crinalis may be found on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Plant / resting place / on
fruitbody of Tomentella italica may be found on dead, decayed stump of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Plant / resting place / on
fruitbody of Tomentellopsis echinospora may be found on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trametes gibbosa is saprobic on dead, decayed stump (large) of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trechispora praefocata is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Tremex columba feeds within wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Trichothecium anamorph of Trichothecium roseum is saprobic on fallen branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-3
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Tubaria confragosa is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Tulasnella allantospora is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, grouped in circles perithecium of Valsa ambiens is saprobic on branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 10-5
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, stromatic, in group of 3 to 8 perithecium of Valsa cypri is saprobic on dead branch (cortex) of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, sessile apothecium of Velutarina rufo-olivacea is saprobic on dead branch of Ulmus
Remarks: season: 1-12 (good condition: 8)
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Volvariella bombycina is saprobic on dead stump (large) of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Volvariella caesiotincta is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Xenasma pulverulentum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Ulmus
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Xiphydria prolongata feeds within wood of Ulmus
Foodplant / saprobe
erect stroma of Xylaria hypoxylon is saprobic on old stump of Ulmus
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Xyleborus dryographus feeds within cambium of Ulmus
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Xyletinus longitarsis feeds within wood of Ulmus
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Rights holder/Author | BioImages, BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK) |
Source | http://www.bioimages.org.uk/html/Ulmus.htm |