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Monocotyledons / Monocotiledóneas
Cymbopogon
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Cymbopogon, commonly known as lemongrass (UK: /ˈlɛmənˌɡrɑːs/; US: /ˈlɛmənˌɡræs/) is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in the grass family. [5][6][7][8]
Some species (particularly Cymbopogon citratus, are commonly cultivated as culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent, resembling that of lemons (Citrus limon). Common names include lemon grass, lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, citronella grass, cha de Dartigalongue, fever grass, tanglad, hierba Luisa, or gavati chaha, amongst many others.
Uses[edit]
Lemongrass is widely used as a culinary herb in Asian cuisine and also as medicinal herb in India. It has a subtle citrus flavor and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh. It is commonly used in teas, soups, and curries. It is also suitable for use with poultry, fish, beef, and seafood. It is often used as a tea in African countries such as Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Latin American countries such as Mexico. Lemongrass oil is used as a pesticide and a preservative. Research shows that lemongrass oil has antifungal properties.[9] Despite its ability to repel insects, its oil is commonly used as a "lure" to attract honey bees. "Lemongrass works conveniently as well as the pheromone created by the honeybee's Nasonov gland, also known as attractant pheromones. Because of this, lemongrass oil can be used as a lure when trapping swarms or attempting to draw the attention of hived bees."[10]
Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus) grow to about 2 m (6.6 ft) and have magenta-colored base stems. These species are used for the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellent (especially mosquitoes)[11] in insect sprays and candles, and in aromatherapy, which is famous in Bintan Island, Indonesia, and the Philippines.[12] Therefore, its origin is assumed to be Indonesia. The principal chemical constituents of citronella, geraniol and citronellol, are antiseptics, hence their use in household disinfectants and soaps. Besides oil production, citronella grass is also used for culinary purposes, as a flavoring.
Citronella is usually planted in home gardens to ward off insects such as whitefly adults. Its cultivation enables growing some vegetables (e.g. tomatoes and broccoli) without applying pesticides. Intercropping should include physical barriers, for citronella roots can take over the field.[13]
Lemongrass oil, used as a pesticide and preservative, is put on the ancient palm-leaf manuscripts found in India as a preservative. It is used at the Oriental Research Institute Mysore, the French Institute of Pondicherry, the Association for the Preservation of the Saint Thomas Christian Heritage in Kerala, and many other manuscript collections in India. The oil also injects natural fluidity into the brittle palm leaves, and the hydrophobic nature of the oil keeps the manuscripts dry so the text is not lost to decay due to humidity.
East Indian lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), also called Cochin grass or Malabar grass (Malayalam: (inchippullu), is native to Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, and Thailand, while West Indian lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) is native to maritime Southeast Asia. It is known as serai in Malaysia and Brunei, serai or sereh in Indonesia, and tanglad in the Philippines. While both can be used interchangeably, C. citratus is more suitable for cooking. In India, C. citratus is used both as a medical herb and in perfumes. C. citratus is consumed as a tea for anxiety in Brazilian folk medicine,[14] but a study in humans found no effect.[15] The tea caused a recurrence of contact dermatitis in one case.[16]
Lemon grass is also known as gavati chaha (गवती चहा) in the Marathi language (gavat = grass; chaha = tea), and is used as an addition to tea, and in preparations such as kadha, which is a traditional herbal 'soup' used against coughs, colds, etc. This is called Ushir (उशीर) in Shanskrit and Nepali and Khaskhas (खसखस) in Hindi. It has medicinal properties and is used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine. It is supposed to help with relieving cough and nasal congestion.[17]
Images[edit]
- Species[3]
- Cymbopogon ambiguus Australian lemon-scented grass - Australia, Timor
- Cymbopogon annamensis - Yunnan, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand
- Cymbopogon bhutanicus - Bhutan
- Cymbopogon bombycinus silky oilgrass - Australia
- Cymbopogon caesius - Sub-Saharan Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Yemen, Afghanistan, Madagascar, Comoros, Réunion
- Cymbopogon calcicola - Thailand, Kedah
- Cymbopogon calciphilus - Thailand
- Cymbopogon cambogiensis - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
- Cymbopogon citratus lemon grass (Chinese: 香茅草; pinyin: xiāng máo căo) - Sri Lanka, southern India
- Cymbopogon clandestinus - Thailand, Myanmar, Andaman Islands
- Cymbopogon coloratus - Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Myanmar, Vietnam
- Cymbopogon commutatus - Sahel, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan
- Cymbopogon densiflorus - central + south-central Africa
- Cymbopogon dependens - Australia
- Cymbopogon dieterlenii - Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa
- Cymbopogon distans - Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, northern Pakistan, Jammu & Kashmir
- Cymbopogon exsertus - Nepal, Assam
- Cymbopogon flexuosus East Indian lemon grass - Indian Subcontinent, Indochina
- Cymbopogon gidarba - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Yunnan
- Cymbopogon giganteus - Africa, Madagascar
- Cymbopogon globosus - Maluku, New Guinea, Queensland
- Cymbopogon goeringii - China incl Taiwan, Korea, Japan incl Ryukyu Islands, Vietnam
- Cymbopogon gratus - Queensland
- Cymbopogon jwarancusa - Socotra, Turkey, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Indian Subcontinent, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Vietnam
- Cymbopogon khasianus - Yunnan, Guangxi, Assam, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand
- Cymbopogon liangshanensis - Sichuan
- Cymbopogon mandalaiaensis - Myanmar
- Cymbopogon marginatus - Cape Province of South Africa
- Cymbopogon martini palmarosa - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Vietnam
- Cymbopogon mekongensis - China, Indochina
- Cymbopogon microstachys Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Yunnan
- Cymbopogon microthecus - Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, West Bengal, Bangladesh
- Cymbopogon minor - Yunnan
- Cymbopogon minutiflorus - Sulawesi
- Cymbopogon nardus citronella grass (In Thai language ตะไคร้หอม (ta-khrai hom) - Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, central + southern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles
- Cymbopogon nervatus - Myanmar, Thailand, central Africa
- Cymbopogon obtectus Silky-heads - Australia
- Cymbopogon osmastonii - India, Bangladesh
- Cymbopogon pendulus - Yunnan, eastern Himalayas, Myanmar, Vietnam
- Cymbopogon polyneuros - Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Myanmar
- Cymbopogon pospischilii - eastern + southern Africa, Oman, Yemen, Himalayas, Tibet, Yunnan
- Cymbopogon procerus - Australia, New Guinea, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi
- Cymbopogon pruinosus - islands of Indian Ocean
- Cymbopogon queenslandicus - Queensland
- Cymbopogon quinhonensis - Vietnam
- Cymbopogon rectus - Lesser Sunda Islands, Java
- Cymbopogon refractus barbed wire grass - Australia incl Norfolk Island
- Cymbopogon schoenanthus camel hay or camel grass - Sahara, Sahel, eastern Africa, Arabian Peninsular, Iran
- Cymbopogon tortilis - China incl Taiwan, Ryukyu + Bonin Is, Philippines, Vietnam, Maluku
- Cymbopogon tungmaiensis - Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan
- Cymbopogon winterianus citronella grass - Borneo, Java, Sumatra
- Cymbopogon xichangensis - Sichuan
- formerly included[3]
numerous species now regarded as better suited to other genera including Andropogon Exotheca Hyparrhenia Iseilema Schizachyrium Themeda
References[edit]
- ^ Sprengel, Curt (Kurt, Curtius) Polycarp Joachim 1815. Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 14
- ^ lectotype designated by N.L. Britton & P. Wilson, Bot. Porto Rico 1: 27 (1923)
- ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Tropicos, Cymbopogon Spreng.
- ^ Soenarko, S. 1977. The genus Cymbopogon Sprengel (Gramineae). Reinwardtia 9(3): 225–375
- ^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 624 香茅属 xiang mao shu Cymbopogon Sprengel, Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 14. 1815.
- ^ Atlas of Living Australia, Cymbopogon Spreng., Lemon Grass
- ^ Bor, N. L. 1960. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan i–767. Pergamon Press, Oxford
- ^ Shadab, Q., Hanif, M. & Chaudhary, F.M. (1992) Antifungal activity by lemongrass essential oils. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 35, 246-249.
- ^ "Beekeeping/Guide to Essential Oils". Wiki Books. Retrieved 7/8/12. Check date values in:
|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Edmon Agron. "Lemon grass as mosquito repellent - WorldNgayon® | WorldNgayon®". Worldngayon.com. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ^ Philippines
- ^ Takeguma, Massahiro. "Gowing Citronella". Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ^ Blanco MM, Costa CA, Freire AO, Santos JG, Costa M (March 2009). "Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice". Phytomedicine 16 (2–3): 265–70. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.007. PMID 17561386.
- ^ Leite JR, Seabra Mde L, Maluf E et al. (July 1986). "Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans". J Ethnopharmacol 17 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(86)90074-7. PMID 2429120. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ Bleasel N, Tate B, Rademaker M (August 2002). "Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils". Australas. J. Dermatol. 43 (3): 211–3. doi:10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00598.x. PMID 12121401.
- ^ "Lemongrass Health Benefits And Healing Properties | Ayurvedic Wellness & Lifestyle". Planetwell.com. 2012-04-03. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cymbopogon&oldid=652865907 |
Cymbopogon is a genus of about 70 species of mostly perennial tropical grasses in the Poaceae (grass family), known as lemongrass or oil grass for their production of aromatic essential oils, including citronella oil (from C. nardus) and geraniol (from C. martini), used in perfume and as natural insecticides. The species C. citratus, lemongrass, is widely used in Asian cooking to flavor soups, stews, and curries (including Vietnamese lemongrass soup), as well as meat, fish, and poultry dishes (including Indonesian “satay”); it is also used in herbal teas.
Cymbopogon species originated in the Old World tropics, and generally form dense clumps with wide blades. Different species grow from 0.5 to 2 m (2 to 6 ft) tall. The fleshy leaf bases (pseudostems) are harvested to be used in cooking or to be pressed for oil. Some species are also used in agroforestry for soil improvement and erosion control.
The most widely used species in the genus are C. citratus (lemongrass or West Indian lemongrass), which likely originated in southern India and Sri Lanka (although no longer known in the wild state), which rarely flowers, so it is generally propagated by dividing clumps. This species, along with Malabar lemongrass (C. flexuosus) are used in cooking, but are also harvested for oil production. C. nardus (citronella grass or nard grass) is widely cultivated in the tropics and in Florida and California for production of citronella oil.
In addition to their culinary, perfumery, and insecticidal uses, essential oils from some species (e.g., C. flexuosus) have been documented to have antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
(Bailey et al. 1976, Chao et al. 2000, Ecocrop 2012, Flora of China 2012, van Wyk 2005, Wikipedia 2012.)
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Jacqueline Courteau, Jacqueline Courteau |
Source | No source database. |
Perennials, rarely annual. Leaves aromatic. Inflorescence composed of short, paired racemes arranged in a dense, spherical to elongated, spatheate false panicle. Rhachis internodes and pedicels filiform, long-ciliate on both margins; lowermost sometimes swollen and barrel-shaped. Racemes deflexed at maturity, borne on subequal flattened raceme-bases; with lowermost pair of spikelets a homogamous pair. Sessile spikelet dorsally flattened; callus obtuse; lower glume with a median groove, narrowly winged on the keels, awnless; lower floret reduced to a hyaline lemma; upper floret fertile; lemma deeply 2-lobed or entire, awnless. Pedicellate spikelet male, rounded on back, awnless.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings, Flora of Zimbabwe |
Source | http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=242 |
Chile Central
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
Chile Central
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:80
Specimens with Sequences:85
Specimens with Barcodes:75
Species:22
Species With Barcodes:20
Public Records:15
Public Species:6
Public BINs:0
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
óleo essencial
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | CPQBA/UNICAMP, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |