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Monocotyledons / Monocotiledóneas
Musa acuminata Colla
EOL Text
Native in W Guangxi and Yunnan; cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, and Yunnan [India, Indonesia (Java), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam].
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United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
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introduced; Fla.; Mexico, West Indies, Central America; and South America; native, s Asia; Africa; Pacific Islands (, Oceania).; native, s Asia.
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Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked
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Chile Central
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Rights holder/Author | Pablo Gutierrez, IABIN |
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Musa acuminata is a species of wild banana native to Southeast Asia. It is one of the progenitors of modern edible bananas along with Musa balbisiana. [3]
Seeded Musa acuminata are called "saging maching" ('monkey banana') in the Philippines.[4]
They were first described in 1820 by the Italian botanist Luigi Aloysius Colla.[5]
Contents |
Description
The fruits are berries, the size of each depends on the number of seeds they contain. Each fruit can have 15 to 62 seeds.[6] Each fruit bunch can have an average of 161.76 ± 60.62 fingers with each finger around Template:2.4 by 9 cm (3.5 in) in size.[7]
The seeds of Musa acuminata are around 5 mm (0.20 in) in diamater. They are subglobose or angular in shape and very hard. The tiny embryo is located at the end of the micropyle.[6] Each seed of Musa acuminata typically produce around four times its size in edible pulp, around 0.23 cm3 (0.014 cu in). The ratio increases dramatically for the 'seedless' modern edible cultivars. The much reduced in size (and usually sterile) seeds are now surrounded by 23 times its size in edible pulp.[8]
Ecology
Musa acuminata are propagated sexually by seeds or asexually by suckers in the wild. Edible parthenocarpic cultivars are usually cultivated by suckers in plantations or cloned by tissue culture.[9] Seeds are also still used in research for developing new cultivars.[6]
Musa acuminata is a pioneer species. They rapidly exploit newly disturbed areas, like areas recently subjected to forest fires. They are also considered a 'keystone species' in certain ecosystems, paving the way for greater wildlife diversity once they have established themselves in an area. They are particularly important as a food source for wildlife due to their rapid regeneration.[7]
Musa acuminata bears flowers that by their very structure, makes it difficult to self-pollinate. It takes about four months for the flower to develop in the fruits, with the fruit clusters at the bases ripening sooner than those at the tip.[7]
A large variety of wildlife feed on the fruits. These include frugivorous bats, birds, squirrels, tree shrews, civets, rats, mice, monkeys, and apes.[7] These animals are also important for seed dispersal.[10]
Mature seeds germinate readily 2 to 3 weeks after sowing.[9] They can remain viable from a few months to two years of storage.[6] Nevertheless, studies show that clone seedlings are much more likely to survive than seedlings germinated from seeds.[7]
Distribution
Musa acuminata is native to the biogeographical region of Malesia and most of mainland Indochina. Malesia (not to be confused with Malaysia, one of its components) is an area extending from Papua New Guinea and Northern Australia in the southeast; Sumatra, Indonesia in the west; and Luzon island of the Philippines in the north.[11]
Musa acuminata favors wet tropical climates in contrast to the hardier Musa balbisiana, the species it hybridized extensively with to provide almost all modern cultivars of edible bananas.[12] Subsequent spread of the species outside of its native region is thought to be purely the result of human intervention.[13] Early farmers introduced M. acuminata into the native range of M. balbisiana resulting in hybridization and the development of modern edible clones.[14]
AAB cultivars were spread from somewhere around the Philippines 4000 years ago and resulted in the distinct banana cultivars known as the Maia Maoli or Popoulo group bananas in the Pacific islands. They may have been introduced as well to South America during Precolumbian times from contact with early Polynesian sailors, although evidence of this is debatable.[13]
Westward spread included Africa which already had evidence of Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana hybrid cultivation from as early as 1000 to 400 BC.[13] They were probably introduced first to Madagascar from Indonesia.[14]
From West Africa, they were introduced to the Canary islands by the Portuguese in the 16th century, and from there were introduced to Hispaniola (modern Haiti) in 1516.[14]
Domestication
The following is the table used by Norman Simmonds and Ken Shepherd to distinguish the genetic origins of modern edible type bananas in 1955. Their classification depends on how many of the characteristics of the two species below are exhibited by the cultivars.[15] Most banana cultivars which exhibit purely or mostly Musa acuminata genomes are dessert bananas, while hybrids of M. acuminata and M. balbisiana are mostly cooking bananas or plantains.[16]
Comparison between the two wild banana ancestors in the Simmonds and Shepherd table (1955) | ||
---|---|---|
Species | Musa acuminata | Musa balbisiana |
Color of pseudostem | Black or grey-brown spots | Unmarked or slightly marked |
Petiole canal | Erect edge, with scarred inferior leaves, not against the pseudostem | Closed edge, without leaves, against the pseudostem |
Stalk | Covered with fine hair | Smooth |
Pedicels | Short | Long |
Ovum | Two regular rows in the locule | Four irregular rows in the locule |
Elbow of the bract | Tall (< 0.28) | Short (> 0.30) |
Bend of the bract | The bract wraps behind the opening | The bract raises without bending behind the opening |
Form of the bract | Lance- or egg-shaped, tapering markedly after the bend | Broadly egg-shaped |
Peak of the bract | Acute | Obtuse |
Color of the bract | Dark red or yellow on the outside, opaque purple or yellow on the inside | Brown-purple on the outside, crimson on the inside |
Discoloration | The inside of the bract is more bright toward the base | The inside of the bract is uniform |
Scarification of the bract | Prominent | Not prominent |
Free tepal of the male flower | Corrugated under the point | Rarely corrugated |
Color of the male flower | White or cream | Pink |
Color of the markings | Orange or bright yellow | Cream, yellow, or pale pink |
Subspecies
Musa acuminata is highly variable and the number of subspecies accepted can vary from six to nine between different authorities. The following are the most commonly accepted subspecies:[11]
- Musa acuminata subsp. burmannica Simmonds
-
- = Musa acuminata subsp. burmannicoides De Langhe
- Found in Burma, southern India, and Sri Lanka.
- Musa acuminata subsp. errans Argent
-
- = Musa errans Teodoro, Musa troglodyatarum L. var. errans, Musa errans Teodoro var. botoan
- Known as Fleur de banane des Philippines in French and saging maching and saging chongo (both meaning 'monkey banana'), saging na ligao ('wild banana'), and agutay in the Filipino. Found in the Philippines. It is a significant maternal ancestor of many modern dessert bananas (AA and AAA groups). It is an attractive subspecies with blue-violet inflorescence and very pale green unripe fruits.
- Musa acuminata subsp. malaccensis (Ridley) Simmonds
-
- = Musa malaccensis Ridley
- Found in peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. It is the paternal parent of the latundan banana.
- Musa acuminata subsp. microcarpa (Beccari) Simmonds
-
- = Musa microcarpa Beccari
- Found in Borneo. It is the ancestor of the cultivar 'Viente Cohol'
- Musa acuminata subsp. siamea Simmonds
- Found in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand.
- Musa acuminata subsp. truncata (Ridley) Kiew
- Musa acuminata subsp. zebrina (Van Houtte) R. E. Nasution
- Commonly known as blood bananas. Native to Java. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for the dark red patches of color on their predominantly dark green leaves. They have very slender pseudostems with fruits containing seeds like that of grapes. It is one of the earliest bananas spread eastwards to the Pacific and westward towards Africa where it became the paternal parent of the East African Highland bananas (the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup of the AAA group). In Hawaii it is known as the Mai'a 'Oa', and is of cultural and folk medicinal significance as the only seeded bananas to be introduced to the islands before European contact.[11]
See also
References
- ^ Edmond de Langhe & Pierre de Maret (2004). "Tracking the banana: its significance in early agriculture". In Jon G. Hather. The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change. Routledge. p. 372. ISBN 9780203203385. http://books.google.com/books?id=DMgKW9HleFoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA372#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ "Musa acuminata Colla, 1820". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24706. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Genetic Diversity of the Wild Banana Musa acuminata Colla in Malaysia as Evidenced by AFLP, by Carol Wong, Ruth Kiew, Jin Phang Loh, Leong Huat Gan, Ohn Set, Sing Kong Lee, Shawn Lum and Yik Yuen Gan
- ^ "Progenitors of Edible Bananas". Guide to Growing Bananas. November 1, 2010. http://www.bananacrop.com/2010/01/progenitors-of-edible-bananas-in.html. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ "Musa paradisiaca". http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/. http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~drc/mparadisiaca.htm
- ^ a b c d S. D. Doijode (2001). Seed storage of horticultural crops. Routledge. pp. 69 – 71. ISBN 9781560229018. http://books.google.com/books?id=t8ggxMDbjTYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b c d e Dokrak Marod, Piya Pinyo, Prateep Duengkae, & Tanaka Hiroshi (2010). "The Role of Wild Banana (Musa acuminata Colla) on Wildlife Diversity in Mixed Deciduous Forest, Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand". Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) (Kasetart University) 44 (1): 35 – 43. http://kasetsartjournal.ku.ac.th/kuj_files/2010/A1001141018371250.pdf. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ Michael Pillay & Abdou Tenkouano (2011). Banana Breeding and Production. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439800171. http://books.google.com/books?id=l191eUt9FSUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b Hean Chooi Ong (2008). Vegetables for Health and Healing. Utusan Publications. p. 38. ISBN 9789676121028. http://books.google.com/books?id=COXOOzdNZ10C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Zhanhui Tang, Lianxi Sheng, Xunfeng Ma, Min Cao, Stuart Parsons, Jie Ma, & Shuyi Zhang (2007). "Temporal and spatial patterns of seed dispersal of Musa acuminata by Cynopterus sphinx". Acta Chiropterologica (Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences) 9 (1): 229 – 235. ISSN 1508-1109. http://www.eab.auckland.ac.nz/pdf/Tang%20et%20al%202007.pdf. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ a b c Randy C. Ploetz, Angela Kay Kepler, Jeff Daniells, & Scot C. Nelson (2007). "Banana and plantain — an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars". Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (Traditional Tree Initiative). http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Noël Kingsbury (2009). Hybrid: the history and science of plant breeding. University of Chicago Press. p. 31 – 32. ISBN 9780226437040. http://books.google.com/books?id=dGSj-CFxk-QC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b c Jeffrey William Daniells & Suzanne L. Sharrock (2001). Musalogue, a catalogue of Musa germplasm: diversity in the genus Musa. Bioversity International. ISBN 9782910810429. http://books.google.com/books?id=lNBcPkUFGzkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b c A. T. G. Elzebroek & Koop Wind (2001). Guide to cultivated plants. CABI. pp. 35 – 38. ISBN 9781845933562. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvU1XnUVxFQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ A.B. Molina & V.N. Roa (2000). Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific. International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain - Asia and Pacific Network (INIBAP-ASPNET) & the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). p. 57. ISBN 9789719175131. http://books.google.com/books?id=lV4k4j85r2AC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ R.V. Valmayor (2000). "Cooking bananas - Classification, production and utilization in South-East Asia". Infomusa (International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain) 9 (1): 28 – 30. ISSN 1023-0076. http://books.google.com/books?id=jPky4TEKB3YC&lpg=PA1&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musa_acuminata&oldid=432806314 |
Pseudostems green with black blotches, ca. 4.8 m. Leaf sheath and petiole pruinose; petiole ca. 80 cm, margin erect or spreading and basally with scarious wings; leaf blade adaxially green and pruinose, abaxially yellow-green and pruinose or not, oblong, 1.9--2.3 m × 50--70 cm, base cordate, asymmetric, midvein adaxially green, abaxially white-yellow. Inflorescence subhorizontal or vertically reflexed; peduncle usually downy or hairy. Bracts bright red to dark violet, sometimes yellow at extreme apex, ovate, apex usually acute. Male flowers ca. 20 per bract, in 2 rows. Compound tepal white or cream, lemon yellow at apex, 3.5--4 cm, apex of outer lobes with a hooklike, hairy appendage; free tepal not more than 1/2 as long as compound tepal, apex emarginate, shortly apiculate. Infructescence ca. 1.2 m; peduncle to 70 × ca. 4 cm, white setose. Berries incurved, green to yellow-green, 5-angled when young, cylindric at maturity, ca. 9 cm, white setose, base curved and attenuate into a stalk, apex contracted into a rostrum 6--10 mm. Seeds numerous in wild plants but absent in cultivated clones, brown, depressed, 5--6 mm in diam., irregularly angled. 2 n = 22, 33.
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Pseudostems heavily blotched with brown or black. Petioles: margins of adaxial groove erect, winged proximally. Inflorescences: pedicels short; bracts of staminate flowers lanceolate or narrowly ovate, apex acute, abaxial surface yellow, red, or dull purple, adaxial surface yellow proximally, often yellow or dull purple distally. Staminate flowers white or cream. Pistillate flowers: stigmas deep yellow or orange; each locule with 2 regular rows of ovules.
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"Large cormous herbs, stoloniferous. Pseudostem 3.5 m high, 15-25 cm diam. Leaves 2-2.5 m long, 30-50 cm wide; petiole 30-50 cm long. Spikes drooping. Peduncle and rachis hairy. Bracts completely covering the flowers, 15-20 x 4.5-5 cm, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers 15-16 per bract in 2 rows; perianth united into 2 cymbiform spathes, outer longer. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; ovules many. Fruit bright yellow on ripening, 8-12 cm long, 1.5-3 cm diam. Seeds many, angled."
Musa cavendishii Lambert
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