Arenaria L.

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Description:

Size: medium, thickset. Plumage: black and white patterned; wings long and pointed, tail rounded. Other characters: bill short and pointed; legs short, feet with hind toe present. <389>

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Sourcehttp://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=147430

Depth range based on 189 specimens in 3 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 40 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 0
  Temperature range (°C): 8.094 - 16.999
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.119 - 14.675
  Salinity (PPS): 32.704 - 35.363
  Oxygen (ml/l): 5.554 - 6.701
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.330 - 0.763
  Silicate (umol/l): 1.436 - 7.519

Graphical representation

Temperature range (°C): 8.094 - 16.999

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.119 - 14.675

Salinity (PPS): 32.704 - 35.363

Oxygen (ml/l): 5.554 - 6.701

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.330 - 0.763

Silicate (umol/l): 1.436 - 7.519
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
Rights holder/AuthorOcean Biogeographic Information System
Sourcehttp://www.iobis.org/mapper/?taxon_id=405783

Turnstone:

Turnstones are the bird species in the genus Arenaria in the family Scolopacidae. They are closely related to calidrid sandpipers and might be considered members of the tribe Calidriini.[1]

Both birds are distinctive medium-sized[quantify]waders. They are high Arctic breeders, and are migratory. These chunky powerful birds have strong necks and bills well suited to their feeding technique. As the name implies, these species readily turn stones or seaweed looking for hidden invertebrates. They are strictly coastal, preferring stony beaches to sand, and are often found with other waders such as purple sandpipers.

Their appearance is striking in flight, with white patches on the back, wings and tail.


Ruddy turnstone in breeding plumage.


Black turnstone in summer plumage.

The ruddy turnstone (or just turnstone in Europe), Arenaria interpres, has a circumpolar distribution, and is a very long distance migrant, wintering on coasts as far south as South Africa and Australia. It is thus a common sight on coasts almost everywhere in the world.

In breeding plumage, this is a showy bird, with a black-and-white head, chestnut back, white underparts and red legs. The drabber winter plumage is basically brown above and white below.

This is a generally tame bird and is an opportunist feeder. Unlike most waders, it will scavenge, and has a phenomenal list of recorded food items, including human corpses and coconut.

The call is a staccato tuck- tuck- tuck.

The ruddy turnstone is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

The black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala) has a similar structure to its widespread relative, but has black upperparts and chest, and white below. It has a much more restricted range than the ruddy turnstone, breeding in western Alaska, and wintering mainly on the Pacific coast of the United States.

There exists a fossil bone, a distal piece of tarsometatarsus found in the Edson Beds of Sherman County, Kansas. Dating from the mid-Blancan some 4-3 million years ago, it appears to be from a calidriid somewhat similar to a pectoral sandpiper, but has some traits reminiscent of turnstones.[2] Depending on which traits are apomorphic and plesiomorphic, it may be an ancestral representative of either lineage.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMC 515296. PMID 15329156.  Supplementary Material
  2. ^ Wetmore, Alexander (1937). "The Eared Grebe and other Birds from the Pliocene of Kansas". Condor 39 (1): 40. 
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Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turnstone&oldid=611101441

Range Description:

This species is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Spain, where it can be found in one single location. Its area of occupancy and extent of occurrence is 2 km (Gutirrez and Blanca 2004). It is confirmed that the species does not occur in the Almirez (Almeria's part of Sierra Nevada).

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Sourcehttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/61634

Habitat and Ecology:

Habitat and Ecology

This annual herb grows at the most elevated summits, at altitudes between 2,950 and 3,300 m. It grows on earthy sites between pebbles with certain mobility and in sandy level stretch with oligotrophic water supply from melting of the permanent snow of the most elevated summits.

The domain corresponds to the series de Festuca clementei (Erigeronto frigidi-Festuceto clementei S.). Although the community has very low coverage, it can be found in the vicinity of Linaria glacialis, Viola crassiuscula, Galium rosellum, Hormathophylla spinosa, Festuca clementei, Arenaria tetraquetra ssp. amabilis, Jasione crispa ssp. amethystina, Saxifraga nevadensis, Coincya monensis ssp. nevadensis, Crepis oporinoides, Holcus caespitosus, and so on.

All individuals flourish at the end of the period of growth. Each flower produces ten seeds, of which between 40-60% fail in pre-fertilization. It is estimated that 69% of the flowers produce viable seeds.

The fact that it is a therophyte is quite exceptional since in the peaks of the Sierra Nevada it is almost exclusively chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes. Its development is in summer, with its growing season vegetation less than 30 days. It is pollinated by insects (mainly Hymenoptera and Diptera), the maximum Anthesis occurs in early August, although it can often overlap between different stages of phenology. The dispersal of seeds is passive and often falls in the vicinity of the mother plant, caught between the stones. It doesn't reproduce vegetatively and plagues or diseases of consideration have not been detected.

Systems

  • Terrestrial
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Rights holder/AuthorInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Sourcehttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/61634

Barcode data: Arenaria nevadensis:

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.


Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorSujeevan Ratnasingham, Paul D.N. Hebert, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)
Sourcehttp://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=420374

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Arenaria nevadensis:

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 1
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1

Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorSujeevan Ratnasingham, Paul D.N. Hebert, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)
Sourcehttp://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=420374

IUCN Red List Assessment:
Red List Category

CR
Critically Endangered

Red List Criteria

B1ac(iii,iv)+2ac(iii,iv)

Version

3.1

Year Assessed

2013

Assessor/s

Gutirrez, L. & Blanca, G.

Reviewer/s

de Montmollin, B., Bilz, M. & Peraza Zurita, M.D.

Contributor/s

Peraza Zurita, M.D.

Justification

Arenaria nevadensis is listed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy do not exceed 2 km and the species has a very scarce and specific habitat which is declining due to livestock and climate change. It is known only from one subpopulation, which undergoes extreme fluctuations, and does occupy an actual area of less than 1 km.

History

  • 2006
    Critically Endangered (CR)
  • 1998
    Endangered (E)
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Sourcehttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/61634

Population:

Population

There is a single population, comprising 2,533 individuals, with five nuclei populations who respond to the presence of water from melting snow. Because of its status as an annual plant, there are significant variations annually in the number of individuals.

Population Trend

Decreasing
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Rights holder/AuthorInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Sourcehttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/61634

Threats:

Major Threats

The principal threats are of natural origin; the fragility of the habitat, the fluctuations of the population due to climate conditions. It is threatened by its strict water supply requirements which make it sensitive to climate changes. Secondly it is threatened by the displacement of soil caused by the possible impact of wild herbivores and livestock and hikers.
Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Rights holder/AuthorInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Sourcehttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/61634
Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): Ed Baker, Katherine Bouton Alice Heaton Dimitris Koureas, Laurence Livermore, Dave Roberts, Simon Rycroft, Ben Scott, Vince Smith