Buddleja L.
EOL Text
Buddleja
Erect, sometimes scandent shrubs, or less frequently trees, pubescent with simple, stellate trichomes or peltate scales. Leaves opposite or sometimes alternate, petiolate or sessile; blades simple, serrate or less frequently entire or lobed; stipules present or absent. Flowers usually functionally unisexual, 4-merous, arranged in cymes that in turn form terminal or axillary heads or panicles. Calyx campanulate or tubular, of short sepals; corolla gamopetalous, white, yellow, orange, pink, or purple, the lobes shorter than the tube; stamens 4, inserted on the upper portion of the corolla tube, the anthers linear, inserted; ovary superior with 2 connate carpels, the style short, the stigma claviform or globose. Fruit a septicidal capsule or less frequently a berry. A genus of about 100 species of amphitropical distribution.
Deciduous shrub, up to 5 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, tomentose. Leaves sub-sessile, 7-25 cm long, 1-7 cm broad, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, glabrous above, whitish tomentose beneath. Stipules interpetiolar, 2-lobed. Flowers sub-sessile, fragrant, in branched rounded clusters forming a terminal panicle 6-30 cm long. Bracts linear, 3 mm long. Calyx c. 3 mm long, stellate-tomentose. Corolla lilac to purple, orange to yellow at the mouth; corolla tube c. 1-1.2 cm long; straight, sparsely pubescent; lobes 3-4 mm long. Capsule glabrous, up to 1 cm long, cylindrical, pointed.
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Buddleja davidii (spelling variant Buddleia davidii), also called summer lilac, butterfly-bush, or orange eye, is a species of flowering plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to Sichuan and Hubei provinces in central China, and also Japan.[1] It is widely used as an ornamental plant, and many named varieties are in cultivation. B. davidii is named for the Basque missionary and explorer in China, Father Armand David, who first noticed the shrub. It was found near Ichang by Dr Augustine Henry about 1887 and sent to St Petersburg. Another botanist-missionary in China, Jean-André Soulié, sent seed to the French nursery Vilmorin, and B. davidii entered commerce in the 1890s.[2]
B. davidii was accorded the RHS Award of Merit (AM) in 1898, and the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) in 1941. [3]
Contents
Description[edit]
B. davidii is a vigorous shrub with an arching habit, growing to 5 m (16 ft) in height. The pale brown bark becomes deeply fissured with age. The branches are quadrangular in section, the younger shoots covered in a dense indumentum. The opposite lanceolate leaves are 7–13 cm long, tomentose beneath when young. The honey-scented lilac to purple inflorescences are terminal panicles, < 20 cm long.[4] Flowers are perfect (having both male and female parts), hence are hermaphrodite rather than monoecious (separate male and female flowers on the same plant) as is often incorrectly stated. Ploidy 2n = 76 (tetraploid). [5]
Buddleja davidii, after Leeuwenberg[edit]
In his 1979 revision of the taxonomy of the African and Asiatic species of Buddleja, the Dutch botanist Anthonius Leeuwenberg sank the six varieties of the species as synonyms of the type, considering them to be within the natural variation of a species, and unworthy of varietal recognition. [6] It was Leeuwenberg's taxonomy which was adopted in the Flora of China[7] published in 1996. However, as the distinctions of the former varieties are still widely recognized in horticulture, they are treated separately here:
Cultivation[edit]
Buddleja davidii cultivars are much appreciated worldwide as ornamentals and for the value of their flowers as a nectar source for many species of butterfly, though the species and cultivars are not able to survive the harsh winters of northern or montane climates, being killed by temperatures below about −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F).
Younger wood is more floriferous, so even if frosts do not kill the previous year's growth, the shrub is usually hard-pruned in spring once frosts have finished, to encourage new growth. The removal of spent flower panicles may be undertaken to reduce the nuisance of self-seeding and encourage further flower production; this extends the flowering season which is otherwise limited to about 6 weeks, although the flowers of the second and third flushes are invariably smaller.
Hardiness: USDA zones 5–9. [8]
There are approximately 180 davidii cultivars as well as numerous hybrids with B. globosa and B. fallowiana grown in gardens. Many of these cultivars are of a dwarf habit growing to no more than 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). The following davidii cultivars held the RHS Award of Garden Merit in 2012:-
Invasive species[edit]
Buddleja davidii is naturalized in Australia[9] and most cities of central and southern Europe, where it can spread on wastelands and in gardens. It has been classified as an invasive species in many countries in temperate regions, including the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Within the United States, it is widely established as an escape from cultivation, and classified as a noxious weed by the states of Oregon and Washington.
References[edit]
- ^ Phillips, R. and Martin Rix, Shrubs, Macmillan, 1994, p210
- ^ Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Buddleia"
- ^ Hillier & Sons. (1990). Hillier's Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 5th ed.. p. 47. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN 0-7153-67447
- ^ Stuart, D. (2006). Buddlejas. pp 30–34. RHS Plant Collector Series, Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 978-0-88192-688-0
- ^ Chen, G, Sun, W-B, & Sun, H. (2007). Ploidy variation in Buddleja L. (Buddlejaceae) in the Sino - Himalayan region and its biogeographical implications. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2007, 154, 305 – 312. The Linnean Society of London.
- ^ Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. H. Veenman & Zonen B. V., Wageningen, Nederland.
- ^ Li, P-T. & Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1996). Loganiaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. ISBN 978-0915279371 online at www.efloras.org
- ^ Stuart, D. D. (2006). Buddlejas. pp. 119 – 120. RHS Plant Guide. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 978-0-88192-688-0
- ^ "Buddleja davidii". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- Van Laere K (2008) Interspecific hybridisation in woody ornamentals. PhD. Thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University
- Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2009). Typification of ornamental plants: Buddleja davidii (Scrophulariaceae). Phytotaxa 2: 55-55.
- Franchet, M.A. (1887). Plantae Davidianae ex sinarum imperio, part 2 "Plantes du Thibet Oriental (Province de Moupine)". (Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris), ser. 2, 10: 33-198.
- Li, P. T. & Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1996). Loganiaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. ISBN 978-0915279371 online at www.efloras.org
See also[edit]
- Index: Buddleja — for Buddleja davidii cultivars.
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Shrubs 0.5--5 m tall; young branchlets, leaves abaxially, petioles, and inflorescences white tomentose or pubescent with stellate hairs. Branchlets nearly 4-angled. Stipules often present, suborbicular to ovate, 1--6 mm. Petiole 1--5 mm; leaf blade narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic, or very narrowly ovate, 4--20 X 0.3--7.5 cm, adaxially dark green and glabrous or subglabrous, base cuneate, margin serrate, apex acuminate, lateral veins 9--14 pairs. Inflorescences terminal, seemingly racemose or thyrsoid cymes, 4--30 X 2--5 cm; lower bracts leafy, others small and linear. Calyx campanulate, 2--3.5 mm, outside stellate pubescent to glabrous; lobes narrowly triangular, 0.5--2 mm. Corolla violet to dark purple, sometimes white, with an orange-yellow throat, 0.8--1.4 cm, outside glabrous or stellate pubescent and/or with glandular hairs; tube narrowly cylindrical or subcylindrical, 6--11.5 X 1--1.5 mm, inside pilose except at base; lobes suborbicular, 1.5--3 X 1.5--3 mm, outside glabrous. Stamens inserted at middle to near base of corolla tube; anthers oblong, 0.8--1.2 mm. Ovary ovoid, 1.2--2 X 0.8--1.1 mm, glabrous to minutely pubescent, sometimes with glandular hairs. Style 0.5--1.5 mm; stigma clavate. Capsules brown, narrowly ellipsoid to narrowly ovoid, 5--9 X 1.5--2 mm, glabrous or sparsely stellate pubescent. Seeds ellipsoid, 2--4 X ca. 0.5 mm, long winged at both ends. Fl. May-Oct.
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Medicinal; ornamental.
Buddleja davidii Franchet X B. fallowiana I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith has been reported from Yunnan (Leeuwenberg, Meded. Landbouwhogeschool 79(6): 149. 1979). This hybrid has the following characteristics: Shrubs. Branchlets terete, densely stellate tomentose. Leaves subsessile to petiole 6 mm; leaf blade ovate to narrowly elliptic, 4--13 X 1--6.5 cm, both surfaces densely stellate tomentose to adaxially glabrescent, base cuneate to decurrent, margin crenate-serrate, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse, venation inconspicuous. Inflorescences terminal, thyrsoid, 5--15 X 2--3 cm. Calyx campanulate, 3.5--5 mm, inside densely stellate tomentose. Corolla violet to lilac, with an orange-yellow throat, outside densely stellate tomentose and with glandular hairs, tube ca. 9 mm; lobes orbicular, 1--3 X 1--3 mm. Stamens inserted above middle of corolla tube; anthers oblong. Ovary oblong, stellate tomentose. Fl. May-Oct.
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Foodplant / pathogen
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi infects and damages limp, discoloured leaf of Buddleja
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / open feeder
Cionus hortulanus grazes on leaf of Buddleja
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
Cionus scrophulariae grazes on leaf of Buddleja
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / pathogen
Cucumber Mosaic virus infects and damages live, dwarfed, branched inflorescence of Buddleja
Foodplant / open feeder
caterpillar of Orgyia antiqua grazes on live leaf of Buddleja
Remarks: season: -7/8
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiopsis ravenelii is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Buddleja
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota squarrosa is saprobic on relatively freshly cut, white rotted stump of Buddleja
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Skeletocutis nivea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick of Buddleja
Other: minor host/prey
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Habit: Shrub
Cultivated as an ornamental in the plains and hills of India and Pakistan.
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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:61
Specimens with Sequences:76
Specimens with Barcodes:58
Species:19
Species With Barcodes:13
Public Records:19
Public Species:9
Public BINs:0