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Magnoliopsida
Jacaranda
EOL Text
Maharashtra: Kolhapur
Taninos, flavonóides, Rutina
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Rights holder/Author | CPQBA/UNICAMP, IABIN |
Source | No source database. |
Distribution: Native of Ceylon, the Andamans, Malaysia and N. Australia; widely cultivated as a roadside tree in greater part of W. Pakistan.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200012271 |
Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central America, South America, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and the Bahamas.[1] It has been planted widely in Asia, especially in Nepal. It is also quite common in South Africa and Zimbabwe. It has been introduced to most tropical and subtropical regions. The genus name is also used as the common name.
Contents
Etymology[edit]
The name is believed to be of Guarani origin, meaning fragrant.[2] The word jacaranda was described in A supplement to Mr. Chambers's Cyclopædia, 1st ed., (1753) as "a name given by some authors to the tree the wood of which is the log-wood, used in dyeing and in medicine" and as being of Tupi-Guarani origin,[3][4] by way of Portuguese.[5] Although not consistent with the Guarani source, one common pronunciation of the name in English is given by /ˌdʒækəˈrændə/.[6]
Growth[edit]
The species are shrubs to large trees ranging in size from 20 to 30 m (66 to 98 ft) tall. The leaves are bipinnate in most species, pinnate or simple in a few species. The flowers are produced in conspicuous large panicles, each flower with a five-lobed blue to purple-blue corolla; a few species have white flowers. The fruit is an oblong to oval flattened capsule containing numerous slender seeds. The genus differs from other genera in the Bignoniaceae in having a staminode that is longer than the stamens, tricolpate pollen, and a chromosome number of 18. This species thrives in full sun and sandy soils, which explains their abundance in warmer climates. Mature plants can survive in colder climates down to -7 degrees celsius, however, they may not provide as full of blooms. Younger plants are more fragile and may not survive in colder climates when temperatures drop below freezing, so planting of younger trees in pots and moving them into a green house for winter is recommended.
Genus[edit]
The genus is divided into two sections, sect. Jacaranda (syn. sect. Monolobos, an invalid name as it includes the type species of the genus, J. caerulea) and sect. Dilobos DC., based on the number of thecae on the anthers. Sect. Jacaranda (which includes Blue Jacarandas) has 18 species and is found primarily in Zimbabwe, in North, West and East of Iran, western South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Sect. Dilobos, which is believed to be the primitive form, has 31 species and is found primarily in southeastern Brazil including the Paraná River valley. The anatomy of the wood in the two sections also differs. Although usually treated in sect. Jacaranda, J. copaia differs somewhat from all other members of the genus, and may be intermediate between the two sections (Dos Santos & Miller 1997).
Selected species[edit]
Cultivation and uses[edit]
Jacaranda can be propagated from grafting, cuttings and seeds though plants grown from seeds take a long time to bloom. Jacaranda grows in well drained soil and tolerates drought and brief spells of frost and freeze.[7]
Several species are widely grown as ornamental plants throughout the subtropical regions of the world, valued for their intense flower displays. The most often seen is the Blue Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia (syn. J. acutifolia hort. non Bonpl.). Other members of the genus are also commercially important; for example the Copaia (Jacaranda copaia) is important for its timber because of its exceptionally long bole.
Pretoria in South Africa is popularly known as The Jacaranda City due to the enormous number of Jacaranda trees planted as street trees and in parks and gardens. In flowering time the city appears blue/purple in colour when seen from the nearby hills because of all the Jacaranda trees. The time of year the Jacarandas bloom in Pretoria coincides with the year-end exams at the University of Pretoria and legend has it that if a flower from the Jacaranda tree drops on your head, you will pass all your exams.[citation needed]
Jacarandas in bloom have become closely associated with Ipswich and South East Queensland. The Ipswich City Council have used jacarandas to line avenues, and commercial developments in some areas, particularly along the Bremer River have incorporated jacarandas into their landscape design. The trees are common in parks throughout the city, most notably in a long curved avenue in New Farm Park in Brisbane, in Goodna, and in private gardens. The Jacaranda blooms in Queensland around October, approximately a month before final university exams for the year. As such, local folklore among students is that if one has not started study by the time the Jacarandas bloom, it is perhaps too late.[8]
The city of Grafton on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia, is also famous for its Jacarandas. Each year in late October and early November the city has a Jacaranda festival[9] during the period of full bloom. A street parade, local public holiday and a series of events are held. A local public holiday sees the city's businesses perform street theatre for passers by and street stalls proliferate. A Jacaranda Queen and Jacaranda Princess are named at a formal ball.
The Perth suburb of Applecross, Western Australia has streets lined with Jacaranda trees, and hosts a "Jacaranda Festival" each year in November. The festival is held in the Applecross Village district, and surrounding local businesses sell products and foods in aid of the local Rotary Club chapter.
The tree canopies in some of Sydney's north shore and harbour suburbs in the east have a purple glow during late spring.
The main street of the town of Red Cliffs, Victoria, Australia (part of the Calder Highway) was named Jacaranda Street in the original town plans of the early 1920s and Jacaranda trees have since been planted to line this street.
Jacarandas are also popular in the southern and central parts of Florida and the southwestern United States, notably in Phoenix, Arizona and San Diego, California. Jacaranda can be found throughout most of Southern California, where they were imported by the horticulturalist Kate Sessions.[10] In California, jacarandas are known as the trees that bloom twice a year, although the fall bloom is generally not as striking as the spring bloom. Tampa, St. Petersburg, and other southern Florida cities are ribboned by purple flowers during peak bloom of April. Jacaranda trees are principally found in parks and interspersed along the avenues and streets. Jacarandas were introduced to Israel over 50 years ago, where they are in full bloom during May. They are popular and can be found in cities all over Israel.
In many parts of the world, such as Mexico, Los Angeles, Lisbon, Seville and Zimbabwe the blooming of this tree is welcomed as a sign of spring.
Brazilian Jacaranda is also used as the wood for the body of acoustic guitars.
Jacaranda can also be found in the South China Karst (a World Heritage site). The Chinese use the leaves to make a distinctive purple dye.
Gallery[edit]
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Santiago de Querétaro in Mexico, with Jacaranda trees all over town
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Jacaranda trees in Montagu Ave, Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe) in 1975
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Jacaranda trees in Bhutan
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Jacaranda in Mountain View, California, USA
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Jacaranda in spring, in Auckland, New Zealand
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Jacaranda in downtown Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Close-up of jacaranda green pods in Chamical, Argentina
Notes[edit]
- ^ A.H. Gentry & W. Morawetz, Jacaranda, in Gentry, A. H. 1992. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part II ( tribe Tecomeae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 25 (2): 1-130.
- ^ Jacaranda mimosifolia
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Ed. (1989)
- ^ "Jacaranda". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
- ^ "Jacaranda". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2009). "jacaranda". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. London: Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
|accessdate=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Jacaranda Tree, The Lovely Plants
- ^ http://emmakellydooz.wordpress.com/2008/11/18/jacaranda-tree/
- ^ "Jacaranda Festival Grafton".
- ^ Howser, Huell. "#15006 Jacaranda". California's Gold.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacaranda&oldid=655062405 |
Perennial, Trees, Woody throughout, Nodules present, Stems erect or ascending, Stems greater than 2 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs glabrous or sparsely glabrate, Stem hairs hispid to villous, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous, Stipules deciduous, Leaves compound, Leaves bipinnate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 10-many, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Inflorescences racemes, Inflorescence panicles, Inflorescence terminal, Bracts conspicuously present, Bracteoles present, Flowers actinomorphic or somewhat irregular, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx glabrous, Petals separate, Petals denticulate or erose, Petals orange or yellow, Stamens 9-10, Stamens completely free, separate, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit stipitate, Fruit unilocular, Fr uit tardily or weakly dehiscent, Fruit indehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit oblong or ellipsoidal, Fruits winged, carinate, or samaroid, Fruit or valves persistent on stem, Fruit coriaceous or becoming woody, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit glabrous or glabrate, Fruit 1-seeded, Fruit 2-seeded, Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, Seed surface smooth, Seed surface mottled or patchy.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Compiled from several sources by Dr. David Bogler, Missouri Botanical Garden in collaboration with the USDA NRCS NPDC |
Source | http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PEPT3 |
Isotype for Dalbergia aturensis Pittier
Catalog Number: US 1834931
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): Ll. W. Williams
Year Collected: 1942
Locality: Cerca de La Boca del Rio Cataniapo, Raudal de Atures., Amazonas, Venezuela, South America
Elevation (m): 120 to 120
- Isotype: Pittier, H. F. 1943. Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 8: 260.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2101018 |
A large handsome tree, 12-24 m tall; bark smooth grey. Leaves abruptly bipinnate. Main rachis 15-30 cms long; pinnae 6-20 paired, each pinna with 20-30 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets oblong, notched at the apex and unequal sided. Calyx coppery red. Petals wavy, yellow, inversely oval, hairy at the base and much crinkl¬ed about the margins. Stamens 10, densely hairy at the base, anthers golden yellow. Style long and thread like. Pod copper-red, oblong, flat, thin, hard, narrowed at both the ends, 5-10 cm long, c. 2.5 cm broad. Seeds brown.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200012271 |
Syntype for Dalbergia inundata Benth.
Catalog Number: US 2249578
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): R. Spruce
Year Collected: 1850
Locality: On Tapajos River near Santarem., Pará, Brazil, South America
- Syntype: Bentham, G. 1860. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4 (suppl.): 49.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2106802 |
Habit: Tree
Isotype for Dalbergia aturensis Pittier
Catalog Number: US 2428660
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): L. Williams
Year Collected: 1942
Locality: Puerto Ayacucho, Fed. Terr. Amazonas., Amazonas, Venezuela, South America
Elevation (m): 120
- Isotype: Pittier, H. F. 1943. Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 8: 260.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=10084797 |