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Magnoliopsida
Physalis L.
EOL Text
Physalis (/ˈfaɪsəlɪs/, sometimes /faɪˈseɪlɪs/)[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which grow in warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world. Most of the species, of which there may be 75-90, are indigenous to the New World with one notable exception (P. alkekengi). Cultivated species and weedy annuals have been introduced worldwide. A notable feature is the formation of a large papery husk derived from the calyx, which partly or fully encloses the fruit,.[3] The fruit is small and orange, similar in size, shape and structure to a small tomato.
At least 46 species are endemic to the country of Mexico.[4]
Many Physalis species are called groundcherries.[5] One name for Physalis peruviana is Cape gooseberry, not to be confused with the true gooseberries, which are of the genus Ribes in the family Grossulariaceae. Another name used to refer to the fruit is simply golden berries.[6]
Contents
Description[edit]
Physalis are herbaceous plants growing to 0.4 to 3 m tall, similar to the common tomato, a plant of the same family, but usually with a stiffer, more upright stem. They can be either annual or perennial. Most require full sun and fairly warm to hot temperatures. Some species are sensitive to frost, but others, such as the Chinese lantern, P. alkekengi, tolerate severe cold when dormant in winter.
Cultivation and uses[edit]
These plants grow in most soil types and do very well in poor soils and in pots. They require moisture until fruiting. Plants are susceptible to many of the common tomato diseases and pests, and other pests such as aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, and the false potato beetle (Leptinotarsa juncta) also attack them. Propagation is by seed. Some species are self-incompatible and require pollen from other plants to bear fruit.
Not all Physalis species bear edible fruit. Select species are cultivated for their edible fruit, however; the typical Physalis fruit is similar to a firm tomato in texture, and like strawberries or pineapple in flavor, with a mild acidity. Some species, such as the Cape gooseberry and tomatillo have been bred into many cultivars with varying flavors, from tart to sweet to savory. Physalis fruit are rich in cryptoxanthin.The fruit can be used like the tomato. Once extracted from its husk, it can be eaten raw and used in salads. Some varieties are added to desserts, used as flavoring, made into fruit preserves, or dried and used like raisins. They contain pectin and can be used in pie filling.
The Cape gooseberry is native to the Americas, but is common in many subtropical areas. Its use in South Africa near the Cape of Good Hope inspired its common name. Other species of commercial importance include the tomatillo (P. philadelphica). Some nations, such as Colombia, have a significant economic trade in Physalis fruit.
Some species are grown as ornamental plants. For example, the hardy Physalis alkekengi has edible fruits but is most is popular for its large, bright orange to red husks.
In Chinese medicine, Physalis species are used as remedies for such conditions as abscesses, coughs, fevers, and sore throat.[7]Smooth groundcherry (P. subglabrata) is classified as a hallucinogenic plant, and its cultivation for other than ornamental purposes is outlawed in the US state of Louisiana under State Act 159.
The extinct Dacian language has left few traces, but in De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides, a plant called Strychnos alikakabos (Στρύχνος άλικακάβος) is discussed, which was called kykolis (or cycolis) by the Dacians. Some have considered this plant to be Physalis alkekengi, but the name more likely refers to ashwagandha (Withania somnifera).[8]
Diversity[edit]
As of 2005, about 75 to 90 species were in the genus.[3]
- Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandw. – sharp-leaved groundcherry, Wright groundcherry
- Physalis alkekengi L. – Chinese lantern, Japanese lantern, bladder-cherry, winter-cherry, hōzuki (Japanese)
- Physalis angulata L. – cut-leaved groundcherry, lance-leaved groundcherry, camapu
- Physalis angustifolia Nutt. – coastal groundcherry
- Physalis arenicola Kearney – cypress-headed groundcherry
- Physalis carpenteri Riddell ex Rydb. – Carpenter's groundcherry
- Physalis caudella Standl. – southwestern groundcherry
- Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) A.S. Hitchc. – small-flowered groundcherry
- Physalis clarionensis
- Physalis cordata Mill. – heart-leaved groundcherry
- Physalis coztomatl Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal
- Physalis crassifolia Benth. – thick-leaved groundcherry, yellow nightshade groundcherry
- Physalis foetens Poir. – tropical groundcherry
- Physalis grisea (Waterfall) Martínez – strawberry-tomato
- Physalis hederifolia A.Gray – ivy-leaved groundcherry
- Physalis heterophylla Nees – clammy groundcherry
- Physalis hispida (Waterfall) Cronq. – prairie groundcherry
- Physalis latiphysa Waterfall – broad-leaved groundcherry
- Physalis longifolia Nutt. – common groundcherry, long-leaved groundcherry
- Physalis longiloba[4]
- Physalis mimulus
- Physalis minima L. – pygmy groundcherry, native gooseberry (Australia)
- Physalis missouriensis Mackenzie & Bush – Missouri groundcherry
- Physalis mollis Nutt. – field groundcherry
- Physalis noronhae
- Physalis peruviana L. – cape gooseberry, Peruvian groundcherry, Inca berry, uchuva (Colombia), poha
- Physalis philadelphica Lam. (syn. P. ixocarpa) – tomatillo, Mexican groundcherry, jamberry, Mexican tomato, tomate de cáscara, tomate de fresadilla, tomate milpero, tomate verde
- Physalis pruinosa L. – strawberry groundcherry
- Physalis pubescens L. – golden strawberry, Chinese lantern
- Physalis pumila Nutt. – dwarf groundcherry
- Physalis subulata Rydb. – Chihuahuan groundcherry
- Physalis tamayoi[4]
- Physalis turbinata Medik. – thicket groundcherry
- Physalis virginiana Mill. – Virginia groundcherry
- Physalis viscosa L. – grape groundcherry, star-haired groundcherry
- Physalis walteri Nutt. – Walter's groundcherry
Formerly placed here[edit]
- Deprea orinocensis (Kunth) Raf. (as P. orinocensis Kunth)
- Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydb. (as P. grandiflora Hook.)
- Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. (as P. lobata Torr.)[9]
- Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. (as P. origanifolia Lam.)
- Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (as P. somnifera L.)[9]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Genus: Physalis L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary online, http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50178256
- ^ a b Whitson, M. and P. S. Manos. (2005). Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the physaloids: a two-gene phylogeny of the Physalinae. Systematic Botany 30(1), 216-30.
- ^ a b c Vargas, O., et al. (2001). Two new species of Physalis (Solanaceae) endemic to Jalisco, Mexico. Brittonia 53(4), 505-10.
- ^ a b "Physalis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- ^ Doctor, Vikram (4 March 2013). "Golden berry: Decoding the acid freshness and wild sweet taste of physalis". The Economic Times. Retrieved 6 Sep 2014.
- ^ Duke, J. A.; Ayensu, E. S (1985). Reference Publications, Inc., ed. Medicinal Plants of China. ISBN 0-917256-20-4. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
- ^ Berendes, J. (ed.) Arzneimittellehre in fünf Büchern des Pedanios Dioskurides aus Anazarbos. Stuttgart. 1902. 405-08.
- ^ a b c "GRIN Species Records of Physalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
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Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis&oldid=655071962 |
This family contains the larges animals ever to live; all balaenopteroids have adult body lengths of over 7 m, but some are much larger. The rorquals are streamlined animals (the humpback whale somewhat less than the others), with a series of long pleats extending from the snout tip to as far back as the navel on the ventral surface. Balaenopterids are fast and active lunge feeders; their morphology allows them to open their jaws very widely and distend their throats to take in huge mouthfuls of water during feeding. The baleen plates are of moderate length and fringe fineness. Density and fringe diameter vary among species, and along with plate number and width to length ratio, are diagnostic characters. Rorquals have dorsal fins (varying in size and shape) set beyond the midpoint of the back. The upper jaw has a relatively flat profile, a feature reflecting the structure of the skull. Within a given feature, differences among balaenopterids are often subtle variations on a theme, rather than class distinctions. Therefore, information on many features may be needed to distringuiish among them and reliance on a single character for identification is discouraged. <123>
- MASDEA (1997).
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Source | http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=136979 |
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Balaenopteridae/ |
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Balaenopteridae/ |
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Balaenopteridae/ |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:204
Specimens with Sequences:197
Specimens with Barcodes:193
Species:10
Species With Barcodes:9
Public Records:193
Public Species:9
Public BINs:10
Rorquals /ˈrɔrkwəl/ (Balaenopteridae) are the largest group of baleen whales, a family with nine extant species in two genera. They include the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale, which can reach 180 tonnes (200 short tons), and the fin whale, which reaches 120 tonnes (130 short tons); even the smallest of the group, the northern minke whale, reaches 9 tonnes (9.9 short tons).
Rorquals take their name from French rorqual, which derives from the Norwegian word røyrkval, meaning "furrow whale".[2]
Contents
Characteristics[edit]
All members of the family have a series of longitudinal folds of skin running from below the mouth back to the navel (except the sei whale and common minke whale, which have shorter grooves). These are understood to allow the mouth to expand immensely when feeding, "permitting them to engorge great mouthfuls of food and water in a single gulp".[3] These "pleated throat grooves" distinguish balaenopterids from other whales.[3]
Rorquals are slender and streamlined in shape, compared with their relatives the right whales, and most have narrow, elongated flippers. They have a dorsal fin, situated about two-thirds the way back. Rorquals feed by gulping in water, and then pushing it out through the baleen plates with their tongue. They feed on crustaceans, such as krill, but also on various fish, such as herrings and sardines.[4]
Gestation in rorquals lasts 11–12 months, so that both mating and birthing occur at the same time of year. Cows give birth to a single calf, which is weaned after 6–12 months, depending on species.[4] Of some species, adults live in small groups, or "pods" of two to five individuals. For example, humpback whales have a fluid social structure, often engaging behavioral practices in a pod, other times being solitary.
The "minke" whale is allegedly named after a Norwegian whaler named Meincke, who mistook a northern minke whale for a blue whale.[5][6]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Distribution is worldwide: the blue, fin, humpback, and the sei whales are found in all major oceans; the common (northern) and Antarctic (southern) minke whale species are found in all the oceans of their respective hemispheres; and either of Bryde's whale and Eden's whale occur in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, being absent only from the cold waters of the Arctic and Antarctic.
Most rorquals are strictly oceanic: the exceptions are Bryde's whale and Eden's whale (which are usually found close to shore all year round) and the humpback whale (which is oceanic but passes close to shore when migrating). It is the largest and the smallest types — the blue whale and Antarctic minke whale — that occupy the coldest waters in the extreme south; the fin whale tends not to approach so close to the ice shelf; the sei whale tends to stay further north again. (In the northern hemisphere, where the continents distort weather patterns and ocean currents, these movements are less obvious, although still present.) Within each species, the largest individuals tend to approach the poles more closely, while the youngest and fittest ones tend to stay in warmer waters before leaving on their annual migration.
Most rorquals breed in tropical waters during the winter, then migrate back to the polar feeding grounds rich in plankton and krill for the short polar summer.
Feeding habits[edit]
As well as other methods, rorqual whales obtain prey by lunge feeding on bait balls.[7] Lunge feeding is an extreme feeding method, where the whale accelerates to a high velocity and then opens its mouth to a large gape angle. This generates the water pressure required to expand its mouth and engulf and filter a huge amount of water and fish.
Rorquals have a number of anatomical features that enable them to do this, including bilaterally separate mandibles, throat pleats that can expand to huge size, and a unique sensory organ consisting of a bundle of mechanoreceptors that helps their brain to coordinate the engulfment action.[8] According to Potvin and Goldbogen, lunge feeding in rorqual whales represents the largest biomechanical event on Earth.[9]
Taxonomy[edit]
Formerly the rorqual family Balaenopteridae was split into two subfamilies, Balaenopterinae and dank memes, with each subfamily contained one genus, Balaenoptera and Megaptera respectively. However, the phylogeny of the various rorqual species shows the current division is paraphyletic, and in 2005 the division into subfamilies was dropped.[10] The discovery of a new species of balaenopterid, Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai), was announced in November 2003, which looks similar to, but smaller than, the fin whale; individuals of this species were found in Indo-Pacific waters.
- Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals[11]
- †Archaebalaenoptera
- Balaenoptera
- Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
- Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis
- Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera brydei
- Eden's whale, Balaenoptera edeni
- Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
- Common minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata
- Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis
- Omura's whale, Balaenoptera omurai
- †Cetotheriophanes
- †Diunatans
- Megaptera
- Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
- †Parabalaenoptera
- †Plesiobalaenoptera
- †Plesiocetus
- †Praemegaptera
- †Protororqualus
Alternate generic taxonomy for living rorquals[edit]
- Balaenoptera
- Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
- Megaptera
- Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
- Pterobalaena
- Common minke whale, Pterobalaena acutorostrata
- Antarctic minke whale, Pterobalaena bonaerensis
- Rorqualus
- Sei whale, Rorqualus borealis
- Bryde's whale, Rorqualus brydei
- Eden's whale, Rorqualus edeni
- Blue whale, Rorqualus musculus
- Omura's whale, Rorqualus omurai
References[edit]
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Wikispecies has information related to: Balaenopteridae |
Notes[edit]
- ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L., Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ "Etymology of mammal names". IberiaNature — Natural history facts and trivia. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ^ a b Minasian, Stanley M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C.; Foster, Larry, eds. (1984). The World's Whales: The Complete Illustrated Guide. New York: The Smithsonian Institution. p. 18. ISBN 0-89599-014-8.
- ^ a b Gambell, Ray (1984). Macdonald, D, ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 222–225. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
- ^ "minke". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
- ^ Lazarus, Sarah (2006). Troubled Waters: The Changing Fortunes of Whales and Dolphins. CSIRO Publishing. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
- ^ Reeves, RR; Stewart, BS; Clapham, PJ; Powell, JA (2002), National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Chanticleer Press, ISBN 9780375411410
- ^ Pyenson, N.D.; Goldbogen, J.A.; Vogl, A.W.; Szathmary, G; Drake, R.L.; Shadwick, R.E. (2012). "Discovery of a sensory organ that coordinates lunge feeding in rorqual whales". Nature (Nature Publishing Group) 485 (7399): 498–501. doi:10.1038/nature11135. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ Potvin, J; Goldbogen, J.A. (2009). "Passive versus active engulfment: verdict from trajectory simulations of lunge-feeding fin whales Balaenoptera physalus". J. R. Soc. Interface 6 (40): 1005–1025. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0492.
- ^ Deméré, T.A.; Berta, A.; McGowen, M.R. (2005). "The taxonomic and evolutionary history of fossil and modern balaenopteroid mysticetes". Journal of Mammalian Evolution 12 (1/2): 99–143. doi:10.1007/s10914-005-6944-3.
- ^ Thalassotherii in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved October 2013.
- ^ Hassanin, A.; Delsuc, F.; Rpiquet, A.; Hammer, C.; Vuuren, B. J.; Matthee, C.; Ruiz-Garcia, M.; Gatzeflis, F.; Areskoug, V.; Nguyen, T. T.; Couloux, A. (2012). "Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes". Comptes Rendus Biologies 335: 32–50. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002.
Sources[edit]
- Gray, J. E. (1864). "Notes on the Whalebone-Whales; with a Synopsis of the Species". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14: 345–353. Retrieved October 2013. Lay summary (October 2013).
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Physalis is a genus of 80-100 species in the Solanaceae (the nightshade or tomato family). These plants are commonly known as ground cherries, husk tomatoes, Chinese lantern plants, or tomatillos. Their most recognizable feature is the inflated, papery, sometimes colorful husk that surrounds the berry.
Physalis is almost exclusively a New World genus. The center of diversity (or area where the largest number of species occur) is Mexico. About 30 species (native and introduced) occur in the U.S. and Canada, though only a few species are found at the northern end of that range. Species diversity also drops moving from Mexico into Central and South America, and most of the species occurring in those areas are either widespread and often weedy, or cultivated. For example, the Flora of Panama lists only 9 Physalis species, none of which are endemic (D'Arcy, 1973).
Weedy species of Physalis, usually annuals (ex. P. angulata, P. minima, P. pubescens), have been introduced to warm areas worldwide. One species is native to parts of Europe and Asia (P. alkekengi, the Chinese lantern plant), but molecular studies now suggest that it is not closely related to the New World species and should have its own genus (Whitson & Manos, 2005).
Physalis includes both annual and perennial herbs. The largest rarely exceed 1.5 m (5 feet) tall. The typical Physalis has nodding, solitary, rather bell-shaped yellow flowers, often with five dark spots in the throat. These are generally bee pollinated. (While plants with other types or arrangements of flowers have been placed in Physalis, molecular data now suggests that those species don't belong there). The fruit are berries, often edible, that are surrounded by a papery calyx, thus resulting in the common name "husk tomato."
Three species of Physalis are particularly important as cultivated plants. The Chinese lantern plant, P. alkekengi, has long been cultivated in Europe and Asia both because it had medicinal uses and as an ornamental. The calyxes and berries of this species are a brilliant orange-red and fruiting branches are used in dried flower arrangements.
Physalis peruviana, the Cape gooseberry, is a South American species that is cultivated in warm areas worldwide for its sweet berries. These are often used for jam or in pies.
Physalis philadelphica (or P. ixocarpa in older literature), the tomatillo, is a Mexican species grown for its large fruit, though they are not particularly sweet. Tomatillos are used for making salsa and other savory dishes.
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Annual to perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby. Leaves simple, entire to coarsely and irregularly dentate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, unwinged, strongly accrescent in fruit. Corolla broadly campanulate to funnel-shaped, shallowly to deeply lobed. Ovary 2-locular. Fruit a berry.
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Rights holder/Author | Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten, Petra Ballings, Flora of Zimbabwe |
Source | http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=1247 |