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Magnoliopsida
Brassica rapa L.
EOL Text
Habit: Herb
Brassica rapa L. is a plant consisting of various widely cultivated subspecies including the turnip (a root vegetable); the mizuna, napa cabbage, and cime di rapa (leaf vegetables); and the turnip rape (Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera, an oilseed which has many common names, including [annual] turnip rape, field mustard, bird rape, keblock, and colza).[1][2][3][4][5][6]
The oilseed is sometimes also called canola,[1] which is one reason why it is sometimes confused with rapeseed oil, but this comes from a different Brassica species (Brassica napus). The oilseeds known as canola are sometimes particular varieties of Brassica rapa (termed Polish Canola) but usually the related species Brassica napus (rapeseed) and Brassica juncea (mustard greens).[7]
In the 18th century the turnip and the oilseed-producing variants were seen as being different species by Carolus Linnaeus who named them B. rapa and B. campestris. 20th-century taxonomists found that the plants were cross fertile and thus belonged to the same species. Since the turnip had been named first by Linnaeus, the name Brassica rapa was adopted.[8]
Many butterflies, including small white pollinate the B. rapa flowers.
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.". GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ "Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera". Turnip Rape. EOL. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ Clive Stace (1997). New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-58935-2.
- ^ Bailey's Dictionary (5th reprint ed.). 1731.
- ^ Doreathea Hurst (1889). History and Antiquities Of Horsham. Farncombe & Co.
- ^ "Brassica rapa". Bioimages. cas.vanderbilt.edu. 2011. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
- ^ "Chapter 2 - Canola Varieties". Canola Grower's Manual. Canada Council of Canada. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ Phil Thomas(editor) (2003). "Chapter 2". "Canola Varieties". Canola Growers Manual. Canola Council of Canada. [dead link]
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brassica_rapa&oldid=633710380 |
Rape Mustard is occasional in most areas of Illinois (see Distribution Map). It is native to Eurasia. Typical habitats include cropland, weedy fields, roadsides, gravelly areas along railroads, and waste areas. This plant is usually found in areas with a history of disturbance where there is scant ground vegetation.
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Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002-2014 by Dr. John Hilty |
Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/rape_mustard.htm |
Napa or nappa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis or Brassica rapa Pekinensis Group) is a type of Chinese cabbage originating near the Beijing region of China, and is widely used in East Asian cuisine. In much of the world, this is the vegetable referred to as "Chinese cabbage". It is also known as sui choi in Chinese and the West. In English, it is also called celery cabbage; in New Zealand, the name wong bok or won bok is used; while wombok is used in Australia and the Philippines. In the United Kingdom it is called Chinese leaf. Nappa cabbage is lighter in color than other Chinese cabbages such as bok choy, which is also sometimes called Chinese cabbage.
Naming[edit]
Napa cabbage | |||||||||||||||||||
Some nappa cabbages
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Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 大白菜 | ||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 大白菜 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Cantonese | |||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 黃芽白 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Korean name | |||||||||||||||||||
Hangul | 배추 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||||
Kanji | 白菜 | ||||||||||||||||||
Hiragana | はくさい | ||||||||||||||||||
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The name "nappa" comes from colloquial and regional Japanese, where nappa (菜っ葉?) refers to the leaves of any vegetable, especially when used as food.[1] The Japanese name for this specific variety of cabbage is hakusai (白菜?), lit. "white vegetable", a Sino-Japanese reading of the Chinese name.
In much of the world, this is the vegetable referred to as "Chinese cabbage". It is also known as sui choy,[2] celery cabbage,[3] In the United Kingdom this vegetable is known as Chinese leaf, in New Zealand as wong bok or won bok, and in Australia and the Philippines as wombok.[4]
Vegetable[edit]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 68 kJ (16 kcal) |
3.2 g
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|
Dietary fiber | 1.2 g |
0.2 g
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|
1.2 g
|
|
Vitamins | |
Vitamin C |
(33%)
27 mg |
Trace metals | |
Calcium |
(8%)
77 mg |
Iron |
(2%)
0.31 mg |
Magnesium |
(4%)
13 mg |
Sodium |
(1%)
9 mg |
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Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
Napa cabbage is a cool season annual vegetable which grows best when the days are short and mild. The plant grows to oblong shaped head consisting of tightly arranged crinkly, thick, light-green leaves with white prominent veins. Innermost layer leaves feature light yellow color.[5]
Nappa cabbage is widely used in China, Japan, and Korea, where it is particularly popular in South Korea's northern Gangwon Province.[6] Nappa cabbage is used as a sign of prosperity in China,[7] and its image often appears as a symbol in glass and porcelain figures. The famous Jadeite Cabbage sculpture of Taiwan's National Palace Museum is a carving of a nappa cabbage variety. Because of immigrants from these nations, it is also readily found in many North American, European and Australian cities.
In Korean cuisine, sui choy is the main ingredient of baechu kimchi, the most common type of kimchi, but is also eaten raw as a wrap for pork or oysters, dipped in gochujang.[8] The outer, tougher leaves are used in soups. The flavor has been described by some as delicate compared to bok choy or cabbage, and it can be used in stir-fry with other ingredients such as tofu, mushroom or zucchini. It is also a very common ingredient that is eaten with hot pot.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis. |
- ^ "Oxford English Dictionary nappa, n.2". Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ "Chinese Cabbage". http://chinesefood.about.com/. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "Chi′nese cab′bage". http://www.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ Afable, Patricia O. (2004). Japanese pioneers in the northern Philippine highlands: a centennial tribute, 1903-2003. Filipino-Japanese Foundation of Northern Luzon, Inc. p. 116. ISBN 978-971-92973-0-7.
- ^ "Napa cabbage nutrition facts". http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ Lee, Cecilia Hae-Jin (22 May 2012). Frommer's South Korea. John Wiley & Sons. p. 326. ISBN 978-1-118-33363-1.
- ^ Klein, Donna (4 December 2012). The Chinese Vegan Kitchen: More Than 225 Meat-free, Egg-free, Dairy-free Dishes from the Culinary Regions of China. Penguin Group US. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-101-61361-0.
- ^ Vongerichten, Marja (2 August 2011). The Kimchi Chronicles: Korean Cooking for an American Kitchen. Rodale. pp. 37–42. ISBN 978-1-60961-128-6.
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Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&oldid=648827493 |
Escape from cultivation.
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Both Brassica campestris and B. rapa were simultaneously described by Linnaeus (Sp. Pl. 2: 666. 1753). Johann Metzger (Systematische Beschreibung der kultivirten Kohlarten. 68 pp. Heidelberg. 1833), who was the first to unite the two species, adopted B. rapa for the combined species, and therefore this name has priority (St. Louis Code, Art. 11.5). Except for being an annual with nonfleshy taproots, B. campestris is absolutely indistinguishable from the biennial B. rapa with fleshy taproots. In fact, plants of B. rapa that escape from cultivation fail to produce fleshy roots. Therefore, B. campestris deserves no higher than a varietal rank of B. rapa, and it is here reduced to synonymy under var. oleifera.
Forms with 3- or 4-valved fruit have been recognized as Brassica trilocularis Roxburgh and B. quadrivalvis J. D. Hooker & Thomson, respectively. They were treated by Jafri (Fl. W. Pakistan 55: 24. 1973) as subspecies of B. napus, but both have 2n = 20, and therefore they should be recognized as a variety of B. rapa. Of the six varieties recognized in B. rapa, the following four are grown and naturalized in China.
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Cultivated. Throughout China [widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere].
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The nectar of the flowers attracts small bees and White butterflies (Pieridae); some bees may collect pollen from the flowers as well. The caterpillars of the butterflies Pieris napi (Mustard White), Pieris rapae (Cabbage White), and Pontia protodice (Checkered White) feed on Brassica spp. (Mustards), as do the caterpillars of the moths Evergestis pallidata (Purple-Backed Cabbageworm), Plutella xylostella (Diamondback Moth), and Eustixia pupula (Pyralid Moth sp.). Several species of flea beetles (primarily Phyllotreta spp.), Murgantia histrionica (Harlequin Bug), and Adelphocoris superbus (Meadow Plant Bug) also feed on the foliage of these plants. The oily seeds of Rape Mustard and similar species are eaten by the Mourning Dove and Ring-Necked Pheasant, and the mild-tasting foliage can be eaten in limited amounts by livestock and other mammalian herbivores.
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Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002-2014 by Dr. John Hilty |
Source | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/rape_mustard.htm |
Brassica rapa, field mustard, is an herbaceous annual or biennial species in the Brassicaceae (the cabbage or mustard family) from which various interrelated vegetable varieties have been developed, including turnips, bok choi, pak choi, tat soi (which are sometimes referred to as Chinese cabbages, or Chinese white- or Chinese flat cabbages, or celery mustard), pak choi sum (Chinese flowering cabbage), and napa cabbage (also called celery cabbage or pe tsai), among others. The species is thought to have originated in Europe, with many varieties developed in Asia, but its numerous varieties are now widely cultivated commercially and in home gardens in temperate and north temperate regions throughout the world. Some varieties have become naturalized and are considered weeds in regions of China and North America.
B. rapa, formerly known as B. campestris, shows considerable variation in growth form and characteristics across the many cultivars, this species has, in general, a flat or globose root (in the case of turnips) without an elongated crown (as found in the rutabagas and kohlrabi, which are derived from B. olearacea), with stems that grow typically grow 30 to 120 cm (11.75 to 47.25 in), although in some cultivars up to 190 cm (75 in) tall. The leaves are large, soft, smooth or soft-hairy leaves, up to 50 cm (20 in) long, pinnatifid (deeply lobed) or lyrate (deeply lobed, but with an enlarged terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes), which clasp the stem and may form a more or less dense head. The yellow, four-parted and cross-shaped flowers are small, usually less than 2 cm (0.75 in) long, and produce siliques—capsular fruit that dehisces (splits open) when mature—that may be up to 6 cm (2.5 in) long.
With a long history of cultivation and diversification into many varieties with numerous and overlapping common names, it can be difficult to ascertain and classify the relationships among species and varieties (or subspecies). Varieties of B. rapa are generally placed into 4 major categories:
1) var. chinensis, which includes pak choi, bok choi, and tat soi, cultivars that originated in southeast Asia and have long been cultivated in China and Japan, where they are also widely naturalized. These form compact clusters of stems that are not as densely packed as in cabbage heads. The whole young plants are used for their leafy greens and fleshy green or white stems, either salted and fermented into a pickle known as pak choi can, or cooked in soups, stir-fries, and noodle dishes.
2) var. parachinensis, Chinese flowering cabbage (sometimes called Chinese broccoli, although that name generally refers to the related B. olearacea var. alboglabra), which has elongated fleshy stems and flowering shoots that do not form into tight clusters or heads. The flowering stems, along with their leaves and buds, are pickled or prepared as a cooked vegetable in numerous Asian dishes.
3) var. pekinensis, napa or celery cabbage (sometimes known as Peking cabbage or pe tsai), which may either have a dense head of flat-stemmed leaves, or may form simply a loose cluster of fleshy stemmed leaves. These varieties have a long history of cultivation in China, Japan, and Korea, where they are used in salads, soups, and as a cooked vegetable. This variety is commonly used to make the traditional Korean fermented cabbage dish, kimchee.
4) var. rapa, turnips, which have a fleshy, globe-shaped root. Described in Roman accounts dating to 400 B.C., they are one of the oldest cultivated root crops, and are still widely used in Europe, prepared raw or cooked in soups, stews, and sautés. The young leaves are also used as cooked greens.
(Bailey et al. 1976, Flora of China 2012, Hedrick 1919, van Wyk 2005.)
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Rights holder/Author | Jacqueline Courteau, Jacqueline Courteau |
Source | No source database. |
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
colony of Albugo candida parasitises live, discoloured, distorted leaf of Brassica rapa
Remarks: season: spring, early autumn
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous colony of Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph of Alternaria brassicae causes spots on live leaf of Brassica rapa
Foodplant / open feeder
gregarious larva of Athalia rosae grazes on leaf (underside) of Brassica rapa
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / gall
larva of Ceutorhynchus assimilis causes gall of live root of Brassica rapa
Remarks: season: 3-
Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Delia radicum feeds within live root of Brassica rapa
Foodplant / pathogen
colony of Erwinia carotovora infects and damages root of Brassica rapa
Other: major host/prey
Animal / pathogen
Rhizoctonia anamorph of Helicobasidium purpureum infects root of Brassica rapa
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Helophorus porculus feeds on Brassica rapa
Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Helophorus rufipes feeds on Brassica rapa
Foodplant / spot causer
pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Leptosphaeria maculans causes spots on live cotyledon of seedling of Brassica rapa
Foodplant / spot causer
colony of Pseudocercosporella anamorph of Mycosphaerella capsellae causes spots on live leaf of Brassica rapa
Foodplant / gall
Plasmodiophora brassicae causes gall of swollen, distorted, often fused root of Brassica rapa
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous Pseudocercosporella anamorph of Pseudocercosporella brassicae causes spots on live leaf of Brassica rapa
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / spot causer
Radish Mosaic virus causes spots on live, crinkled leaf of Brassica rapa
Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia armoraciae causes spots on live leaf of Brassica rapa
Foodplant / pathogen
colony of Streptomyces infects and damages live twig of Brassica rapa
Foodplant / pathogen
Turnip Crinkle virus infects and damages live, crinkled, mottled leaf of Brassica rapa
Foodplant / pathogen
Turnip Mosaic virus infects and damages live, crinkled, stunted leaf (young) of Brassica rapa
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