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Magnoliopsida
Siparuna guianensis Aubl.
EOL Text
The main oil constituents from the leaves include β-myrcene and 2-undecanone. From the stem: β-myrcene, δ-elemene, germacrene D, α-limonene, and bicyclo-germacrene. From the fruit: 2-tridecanone, 2-undecanone, and β-myrcene.
Reports of percentage composition of the oil components of S.guianensis vary, suggesting significant differences in the samples studied. Differences might be due to environmental or genetic differences between populations of S.guianensis (Aguiar et al. 2015).
- Aguiar, R., S. dos Santos, F. da Silva Morgado, S. Ascencio, M. de Mendonça Lopes, K. Viana, J. Didonet, and B. Ribeiro, 2015. Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Siparuna guianensis Aubl. (Negramina) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. PLOS ONE 10: e0116765.
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Siparuna guianensis is an early secondary successional species of which individuals are monoecious (male and female reproductive parts on same plant) shrubs or small trees up to 15m high reaching a diameter of breast height of 20cm. Leaves are simple, opposite, membranous, petiolate (have petioles), and have smooth margins. Inflorescences are axillary (developing in the axil as opposed to apex) and fasciculate (clustered). Flowers are unisexual and pedicellate (having short pedicels, or floral stalks) with a cup-shaped receptacle (top or flower stalk = basal part of flower) completely covering the carpels or stamens until anthesis (when flower fully opens and becomes functional). Mature fruits are aggregate fleshy, globose (spherical), pubescent with stellate (star-shaped) trichomes, and 0.7 to 1.4 cm in diameter. New and mature fruits are red-green and exude strong, unpleasant, citrusy odor with a yellow interior containing 4-10 seeds (Renner & Hauser 2005). The fruits are zoochorous (seeds dispersed by animals) with a sweet aril (Goncalves et al. 2015).
- Gončalves, V., A. Silva, C. Baesse, and C. Melo, 2015. Frugivory and potential of birds as dispersers of Siparuna guianensis. Braz. J. Biol. 75: 300-304.
- Renner, S., and G. Hausner, 2005. Siparunaceae, Bronx, N.Y.: Published for Organization for Flora Neotropica by the New York Botanical Garden.
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Source | No source database. |
Nicaragua throughout northern South America to Paraguay. Primary and secondary forests up to 1200m, rarely 1400m (Renner & Hausner 2005).
- Renner, S., and G. Hausner, 2005. Siparunaceae, Bronx, N.Y.: Published for Organization for Flora Neotropica by the New York Botanical Garden.
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Source | No source database. |
Isotype for Siparuna savanicola Jangoux
Catalog Number: US 2935375
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): G. T. Prance, F. Chagas Silva, C. C. Berg, A. J. Henderson, B. W. Nelson & M. Balick
Year Collected: 1977
Locality: Br 163, km 764, 15 km S of Mato Grosso. Para border., Pará, Brazil, South America
Elevation (m): 520 to 520
- Isotype: Jangoux, J. 1991. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi, n.s., Bot. 7: 144.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2088900 |
Holotype for Siparuna archeri A.C. Sm.
Catalog Number: US 1518730
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Card file verified by examination of alleged type specimen
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): W. A. Archer
Year Collected: 1931
Locality: Quibdo, Rio Atrato., Chocó, Colombia, South America
Elevation (m): 60 to 60
- Holotype: Smith, A. C. 1932. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 59: 517.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2162274 |
Isotype for Siparuna cavalcantei Jangoux
Catalog Number: US 2708534
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): M. Silva & A. Souza
Year Collected: 1969
Locality: Santarem, km 70 da estrada do estrada do Palhao, Ramal do Caetetu., Pará, Brazil, South America
- Isotype: Jangoux, J. 1991. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi, n.s., Bot. 7: 120.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2106508 |
Habitat
Siparuna guianensis is found in mainly understory and regeneration areas on both edge and inner forest fragments (Goncalves et al. 2015). Because it is an understory secondary successional species, S. guianensis has a few adaptations for fast growth in low-light conditions. Seedlings and saplings have been observed to invest more energy into height than into thickness of leaves or spongy parenchyma in the woody stem (Viera et al. 2015).
Pollination
Siparuna guianensis is pollinated at night by gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (Renner & Hausner 2005).
Fruiting and dispersal
Fruits are ripe at the end of the rainy season and the beginning of the dry season, between December and April (Goncalves et al. 2015)). Individuals produce many fruits at a time, each with many seeds, to attract more dispersers. (Francisco and Galetti, 2002). The main dispersers are birds like Antilophia galeata, Dacnis cayana, Lanio penicillatus (Goncalves et al. 2015) and from the families Ptilogonatidae and Tyrannidae (Valentini et al. 2010). S. guianensis fruit were consumed by individuals of different feeding guilds and habitat use, which can contribute to the success of species in regenerating environments by being less selective towards dispersers, thus increasing the chances of effective seed dispersal (Goncalves et al. 2015).
The only known predispersal seed predator of S. guianensis is the buffy-headed marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps) which targets the seeds for their high carbohydrate, protein, and lipid contents. Because the receptacles of S. guianensis contain high amounts of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, C. flaviceps wait until the fruit has ripened and the receptacle splits open to expose the seeds. This feeding strategy may have a significant effect on the reproduction of S. guianensis populations in many areas (Simas et al. 2001)
- Gončalves, V., A. Silva, C. Baesse, and C. Melo, 2015. Frugivory and potential of birds as dispersers of Siparuna guianensis. Braz. J. Biol. 75: 300-304.
- Renner, S., and G. Hausner, 2005. Siparunaceae, Bronx, N.Y.: Published for Organization for Flora Neotropica by the New York Botanical Garden.
- Francisco, M., and M. Galetti, 2002. Aves como potenciais dispersoras de sementes de Ocotea pulchella Mart. (Lauraceae) numa área de vegetação de cerrado do sudeste brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 25: 11-17.
- Simas, N., S. Ferrari, S. Pereira, and G. Leitão, 2001. Chemical Ecological Characteristics of Herbivory of Siparuna guianensis Seeds by Buffy-Headed Marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps) in the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27: 93-107.
- Valentini, C., C. Rodríguez-Ortíz, and M. Coelho, 2010. Siparuna guianensis Aublet (negramina): uma revisao. Rev. bras. plantas med. 12: 96-104.
- Vieira, T., M. Degli-Esposti, G. Souza, G. Rabelo, M. Da Cunha, and A. Vitaria, 2015. Photoacclimation capacity in seedling and sapling of Siparuna guianensis (Siparunaeae): Response to irradiance gradient in tropical forest. Photosynthetica 53: 11-22.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
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Source | No source database. |
Contains the oxoaporphine alkaloids liriodenine and cassamedine.
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1