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Magnoliopsida
Solanum americanum Mill.
EOL Text
Canada
Origin: Unknown/Undetermined
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
Source | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Solanum+americanum |
Hierbas, hasta 1 m. de alto, inermes; tallos a veces con dientes suaves, glabrescentes o puberulentos con tricomas eglandulares simples, recurvados.
Hojas solitarias o en pares desiguales, las más pequeñas de forma similar a las mayores, de ovadas a lanceoladas, de 2 a 10 cm. de largo, ápice puntiagudo, base obtusa o estrecha, subenteras o sinuado-dentadas, glabras o puberulentas; peciolos hasta 3.6 cm. de largo, puberulentos (glabrescentes), apicalmente alados.
Inflorescencias en racimos subumbelados con hasta 10 flores que se vuelven laterales, aplicado pubescentes, pedúnculos no ramificados, de 0,5 a 3 cm. de largo, pedicelos de 3 a 10 mm. de largo; cáliz casi 1 mm. de largo de subtruncado a lobulado hasta la mitad de su longitud; corola de 6 a 10 mm. de diámetro, blanca, lobulada la mitad de su longitud, lóbulos de lanceolados a oblongos; anteras de 0,8 a 1,7 mm. de largo.
Fruto tipo baya globosa de 0,4 a 0,8 cm. de diámetro, glabro, negro lustroso cuando madura, pedicelos fructíferos delgados pero ligeramente más largos, de ascendentes a patentes.
"
Global Distribution
Cosmopolitan
Indian distribution
State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts
"
Solanum borealisinense C. Y. Wu & S. C. Huang; S. depilatum Kitagawa, not Bitter.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Source | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020587 |
Fruits edible.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Keystone Foundation, India Biodiversity Portal |
Source | http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/245037 |
"Found along roadsides and riverbanks from plains to 700m. Common. Native of North and South America, now widely naturalised throughtout the tropics."
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Keystone Foundation, India Biodiversity Portal |
Source | http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/245037 |
Type collection for Solanum purpuratum Bitter
Catalog Number: US 758168
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Card file verified by examination of alleged type specimen
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): J. K. Small & J. J. Carter
Year Collected: 1910
Locality: Coppice, near Fresh Creek., Andros Island, Bahamas, West Indies
- Type collection: Bitter, F. A. G. 1913. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 85.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2109034 |
Solanum americanum, commonly known as American nightshade or Glossy nightshade is a herbaceous flowering plant of wide though uncertain native range. The certain native range encompasses the tropics and subtropics of the Americas, Melanesia, New Guinea, and Australia.[1][2]
The plant is widely naturalised around the Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, including Hawaiʻi, Indochina, Madagascar and Africa, possibly via anthropogenic introduction in these locales.
Solanum americanum is one of the most widespread and morphologically variable species belonging to the section Solanum.[3] It can be confused with other black nightshade species in the Solanum nigrum complex.[4]
Contents
§Description[edit]
Solanum americanum grows up to 1–1.5 metres (39–59 in) tall and is an annual or short-lived perennial. The leaves are alternate on the branch, and vary greatly in size, up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long and 7 centimetres (2.8 in) broad, with a 4-centimetre (1.6 in) petiole and a coarsely wavy or toothed margin. The flowers are about 1 cm diameter, white or occasionally light purple, with yellow stamens. The fruit is a shiny black berry 5–10 millimetres (0.20–0.39 in) diameter, containing numerous small seeds.
§Taxonomy[edit]
Solanum americanum is a variable taxon. It is considered by some botanists to be more than one species, and others recognise subspecies.[1] Some botanists have suggested that Solanum americanum may be conspecific with the European nightshade, S. nigrum. [5]
§Toxicity[edit]
Research indicates the presence of toxic glycoalkaloids and there are warnings to be careful on the use of S.americanum as herbal medicine and food.[4] The green fruit is particularly poisonous and eating unripe berries has caused the death of children.[6] Ripe berries and foliage may also cause poisoning.[6] This is via high levels of the glycoalkaloids, solanine and solamargine,.[7] Other toxins present in the plant include chaconine, solasonine, solanigrine, gitogenin and traces of saponins,[8] as well as the tropane alkaloids scopolamine (hyoscine), atropine and hyoscyamine.[9][10]
Significant amounts of solasodine(0.65%) have been found in the green berries.[11] The ripe fruit also contains 0.3-0.45% solasonine,[11] and acetylcholine, and has a cholinesterase-inhibiting effect on human plasma.[8] In Transkei, rural people have a high incidence of esophageal cancer thought to be a result of using S.americanum as a food.[8] Livestock can also be poisoned by high nitrate levels in the leaves.[8]
Toxicity varies widely depending on the genetic strain and the location conditions, like soil and rainfall.[6][8] Poisonous plant experts advise: "...unless you are certain that the berries are from an edible strain, leave them alone." [12]
§Food[edit]
The ripe fruit is cooked into jams and preserves, or eaten raw.[8] In Africa, South America, New Guinea and Oceania the young green shoots of Solanum americanum are cooked and eaten as greens, after boiling in water.[13][14] The cooking water used for boiling the leaves is discarded as it contains the soluble alkaloids.[8] In Kenya, Cameroon and Papua New Guinea the leaves are sold as a leaf vegetable in the markets.[3] The leaves are used in a West Indian stew, and it is known as branched Kalaloo.[8] In Mauritius it is cultivated and eaten as a pot-herb and used in bouillon.[3] Experts warn that care should be taken since numerous toxins are reported with levels varying with local conditions and varieties.[6][11][12]
§Medicine[edit]
It is used as a medicine in Cameroon, Kenya, Hawaiʻi, Panama, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Pakistan.[3][10] In China a tea from the whole plant is used to treat cancer of the cervix.[8] It is used as folk medicine for a wide range of conditions, being applied topically and internally.[8]
§Medical Research[edit]
Extracts from S.americanum were found to have selective antiviral activity against the herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV-1).[15]
Methanol extracts of S.americanum have high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. Water based extracts had no antibacterial activity.[16]
§See also[edit]
§References[edit]
- ^ a b Conn, Barry J. (2001). "Solanum americanum – New South Wales Flora Online". PlantNET – The Plant Information Network System. 2.0. Sydney, Australia: The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ Hyland, B. P. M.; Whiffin, T.; Zich, F. A. et al. (Dec 2010). "Factsheet – Solanum americanum". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants. Edition 6.1, online version [RFK 6.1]. Cairns, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), through its Division of Plant Industry; the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research; the Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d Edmonds, J. M., Chewya, J. A., Black Nightshades, Solanum nigrum L. and related species, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.[1]
- ^ a b Mohy-ud-dint, A.; Khan, Z.; Ahmad, M.; Kashmiri, M. A. (2010). "Chemotaxonomic value of alkaloids in Solanum nigrum complex". Pakistan Journal of Botany 42 (1): 653–660. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ The Plant List
- ^ a b c d Tull, D. Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest: A Practical Guide. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78164-1.
- ^ Al Chami, L.; Mendez, R.; Chataing, B.; O'Callaghan, J.; Usubilliga, A.; Lacruz, L. (2003). "Toxicological effects of α-solamargine in experimental animals" (Citation and abstract only). Phytotherapy Research 17 (3): 254–258. doi:10.1002/ptr.1122. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nellis,D., Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean, Pineapple Press, 1997
- ^ Wildflowers of Tucson - Arizona Poisonous Tucson Plants
- ^ a b Zubaida,Y., Azbta,K.S., Syeda,M.A., 2004, Medicinally Important Flora of Dhibbia Karsal Village (Mianwali District Punjab), Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 3(6): pp 757-762 [2]
- ^ a b c Edmonds, J. E.; Chweya, J. A. (1997). Black nightshades, Solanum nigrum L. and related species. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. p. 66. ISBN 978-92-9043-321-7.
- ^ a b Turner, Nancy J.; Aderka, P.von (2009). The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms (Online, citation only). Timber Press. pp. 181–182. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ "Factsheet – *Solanum americanum". Electronic Flora of South Australia. South Australian Government. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ^ Olet, E. A.; Heun, M.; Lye, K. A. (2005). "African crop or poisonous nightshade; the enigma of poisonous or edible black nightshade solved". African Journal of Ecology 43 (2): 158–161. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00556.x.
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(help) - ^ Ali,A.M., Mackeen,M.M., El-Sharkawy,S.H., Abdul Hamid,J., and Ismail,N.H., Ahmad,F., and Lajis,M.N., (1996) Antiviral and Cytotoxic Activities of Some Plants Used in Malaysian Indigenous Medicine. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 19 (2/3). pp. 129-136. ISSN 0126-6128
- ^ Gugulothu,V., Ajmeera,R., Vatsvaya,S.R. (2011) Screening for in vitro antimicrobial activity of Solanum americanum Miller., Journal of Recent Advances in Applied Sciences, 26 pp 43-46.[3]
§External links[edit]
- Missouriplants: Solanum americanum (numerous photos, detailed description)
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Solanum americanum
- Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: Solanum americanum (very detailed description)
- Identifying nightshades as weeds
- Edmonds, J. M. & J. A. Chweya, 1997: Black nightshades, Solanum nigrum L., and related species. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops 15. - IPGRI/IPK, Rome/Gatersleben 113 pp
- Solanum americanum Mill. on Solanaceae Source - Images, specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms. Full descriptions and identification keys coming soon!
- Plants for a future
- Molluscicidal Activity of the Puerto Rican Weed, Solanum nodiflorum
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solanum_americanum&oldid=650673521 |
Kerala: All districts Tamil Nadu: All districts