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Magnoliopsida
Stemmadenia donnell-smithii (Rose) Woodson
EOL Text
La madera es marrón oscuro, liviana en peso, pero firme y fuerte, textura fina, fácil de trabajar, pero no durable y por eso poco utilizada. En adición, sus troncos no desarrollan dimensiones económicamente comerciales. Cuando los frutos o las ramas son cortados, exudan una larga cantidad de un látex espeso y blanco, que contiene una sustancia con las propiedades de guttapercha. El látex es empleado en El Salvador para varios propósitos, en que se necesiten propiedades adhesivas. En Guatemala, algunas veces es mascado como chicle. Así mismo, se ha dicho que el látex se usa en el tratamiento de mordeduras de la araña llamada "araña de caballo" (Standley Y Steyermark, 1969).
Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii is an evergreen tree from the Apocynaceae family. In Spanish, it is huevos de caballo, cojones de burro, cojón de mico, or cojotón. The name, huevos de caballo, comes from the shape of the tree's hanging fruit.[2] It is native to Mexico and Central America.[2][3] The type locality is San Felipe, Retalhuleu in Guatemala.[3]Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii is similar to Tabernaemontana glabra, except that its leaves and flowers are smaller and its fruit is larger.[4]
Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii lives in a variety of habitats, including various types of forest, the forest edge, and pastures.[4] It grows up to 20 metres (66 ft) tall, although the height is partially dependent on the habitat.[4] Trees living in secondary growth areas, forest edges and pastures are generally shorter but broader than those in forests.[4] The flowers are yellow, and may appear at different times of the year depending on the location.[4] Foster and McDiarmid found that the slow growing fruit is about 7 to 10 centimetres (2.8 to 3.9 in) long and weighs an average of about 143 grams (5.0 oz).[4] The fruit is enclosed in a woody husk which represents more than three-quarters of the fruit's weight.[4] When the fruit is open, a slit forms in the husk permitting access to the arils, each of which covers a seed.[4]
The fruit of Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii is eaten by birds such as parrots, and by the white-headed capuchin, and the seeds are eaten by birds such as flycatchers, motmots, honeycreepers, manakins and woodpeckers.[4][5] Many primarily insectivorous birds eat the fruits opportunistically late in the dry season, when the most of the fruit ripens and when insects are relatively scarce.[4] Its seeds are dispersed primarily by birds.[2][4] A study by McDiarmid, Ricklefs and Foster found that birds also help the seeds germinate, both by removing the arils from the seeds and also by scarifying the seeds.[2][4]
The bark contains the alkaloids tabernanthine and voacamine.[3] The seeds contain the alkaloid coronaridine and the enzyme tabersonine.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ a b c d McDiarmid, R.M., Rickefs, R.E. & Foster, M.S. (1977). "Dispersal of Stemmadenia donnell-smithii (Apocynaceae) by Birds" (pdf) 1 (1). Biotropica. pp. 9–25. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ a b c d Morales, J.F. "Stemmadenia donnell-smithii". Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Foster, M.S. & McDiarmid, R.M. (1983). "Costa Rican Natural History" (pdf). University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ Fragaszy, D., Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Life History and Demography". The Complete Capuchin. Cambridge University Press. p. 262.
Distribucion en Costa Rica: Pacífico norte, Cordillera de Tilarán, Pacífico central y sur, Acosta, Sarapiquí, vertiente atlántica. En elevaciones entre 1 - 1100 m.
Distribucion General: México a Panamá.
Árbol o arbusto.
Árbol o arbusto de 3 - 12 m de altura, ramitas más o menos glabras, algunas veces con pubescencia muy escaza. Hojas membranosas, elípticas o elíptico - obovadas de 4 - 18 cm por (1,5) 2 - 5,5 cm, acuminadas, obtusas en la base, pubescentes en el envés en las axilas del nervio central y de los nervios principales, venación generalmente muy marcada, peciolo de 0,2 - 1,2 cm largo, glandular en las axilas.
Inflorescencia cymosa de 1 - 4 flores, terminal, algunas veces axilar, pedúnculo de 1,6 - 10 cm largo, pedicelo de 0,4 - 1,1 cm largo, bracteolas ovadas de 2 - 3 mm largo; lóbulos del cáliz foliáceos, oblongo - ovados u ovados, en 2 series, exteriores de (4 - 9 mm largo) mucho más pequeños que los internos de (1,4 - 1,8 cm largo) con muchas glándulas; corola hipocrateriforme, amarilla, tubo 2 - 3 cm largo, pubescente en el interior, lóbulos oblicuamente obovados de 1,3 - 1,8 cm largo; estambres insertos en la mitad del tubo, anteras de 4 - 5 mm largo, nectarios más o menos concrecentes, cercanos a la mitad de la longitud del ovario. Frutos grandes, gruesos, verde gris de 5 - 9 cm largo por 4 - 7 cm ancho.Se distingue por sus flores pequeñas, con los lóbulos del cáliz grandes, membranáceos y deciduos luego de la antésis.Holotype for Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii var. costaricensis Donn. Sm.
Catalog Number: US 1338872
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): J. Donnell Smith
Year Collected: 1896
Locality: Rio Toro Amarillo, Llanuras de Santa Clara, Costa Rica, Central America
Elevation (m): 300 to 300
- Holotype: Donnell Smith, J. 1897. Bot. Gaz. 24: 397.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
| Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2150224 |
Lectotype for Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii Rose
Catalog Number: US 258636
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): J. Donnell Smith
Year Collected: 1892
Locality: San Felipe., Retalhuleu, Guatemala, Central America
Elevation (m): 625 to 625
- Lectotype: Rose, J. N. 1893. Bot. Gaz. 18: 206.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
| Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2146997 |
Lectotype for Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii Rose
Catalog Number: US 62162
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): J. Donnell Smith
Year Collected: 1892
Locality: San Felipe., Retalhuleu, Guatemala, Central America
Elevation (m): 625 to 625
- Lectotype: Rose, J. N. 1893. Bot. Gaz. 18: 206.
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | This image was obtained from the Smithsonian Institution. Unless otherwise noted, this image or its contents may be protected by international copyright laws. |
| Source | http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/botany/?irn=2146996 |
Localidad del tipo: Guatemala. San Felipe, Retalhuleu.
Depositario del tipo: holotipo, US; isotipos, G, MO, US
Recolector del tipo:
Representa la especie más común del género en nuestro país, es encontrada con suma frecuencia en bosques de bajura, especialmente en climas secos. Bosque primario, crecimiento secundario, potreros.